Ku-Web3, ubumfihlo buyindlovu esitolo sekristalu. Ngasikhathi sinye kungamandla amakhulu ezimali ze-crypto, ezihambisana nezimiso zokwahlukaniswa kwezindawo kanye nokungaziwa.
Ngeshwa, lesi futhi isihloko esingaqondwa kabanzi, isibonelo abaningi babona "ubumfihlo" be-cryptocurrencies njengezaba nje zokuxhasa ngemali amaphekula kanye nemali yokukhwabanisa. Iqiniso lokuthi i-crypto Twitter iyaziqhenya ngayo anon culture (isiko elingaziwa) kanye nokuthi abezindaba ngokuvamile (ngenhloso noma ngokungenhloso) baqinisa lokhu kubandlulula akusizi ukuqeda lezi zinkolelo-ze.
Ngoba ubumfihlo be-Web3 buwumqondo ohlanganisa konke, othinta yonke into kusukela ezithombeni zephrofayela yenkawu ukuya ekubetheleni kanye Zero Knowledge Proofs, akusizi ukukhuluma ngakho ngokujwayelekile nokwenza izahlulelo ngokuxhamazela. Kunalokho, kufanele sizame ukuhlukanisa isihloko sibe izingxenye ezincane.
Ake sizame ukubona ingqalasizinda "yobumfihlo" ye-Web3 ihlukaniswe ngamaleveli amathathu ahlukene:
Ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi yilapho konke okwenziwayo kwe- cryptocurrencykunethiwekhi enikeziwe blockchain, iqinisekiswa ubumfihlo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zemvume eyisisekelo blockchain, kanye nokukhetha komklamo wezinga lenethiwekhi.
Lo mbono wobumfihlo unezimpande zawo kuphrothokholi Bitcoin futhi emcabangweni wakhe wokwenza ngokungaziwa "amakheli e-wallet" njengama-cryptographic hashes angu-160-bit. Ngenkathi Bitcoin yona ngokwayo inokuthengiselana okusobala ngokugcwele, lapho noma yimuphi umsebenzisi angahlola noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi yakhe, izimiso zokuklama zokwahlukaniswa kwezindawo kanye nokungaziwa Bitcoin ngokungangabazeki bagqugquzele amandla aqhuba ukuthuthukiswa "kobumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi" kanye blockchain gxila ekuyimfihlo.
Enye yamaphrojekthi ahamba phambili ekusunguleni ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi i-Monero, a blockchain ngokusekelwe kubumfihlo obudalwe ngo-2014. Ngokungafani ne-Bitcoin, i-Monero ifihla kokubili izikhwama zomsebenzisi kanye nokuthengiselana ngemuva “Ring Signatures“, lapho abasebenzisi abangaphakathi “kwendandatho” ethile bekwazi ukufinyelela isiginesha yeqembu elithile futhi basebenzise leyo siginesha yeqembu ukuze basayine imisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, kunoma yikuphi ukuthenga okunikezwayo kunethiwekhi ye-Monero, singasho kuphela ukuthi ivele eqenjini elithile, kodwa asazi ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzisi kulelo qembu osayine ngempela umsebenzi. Empeleni, lolu uhlobo "lwemfihlo yeqembu," lapho abasebenzisi bajoyina amaqembu ukuze baqinisekise ubumfihlo babo bonke abantu.
Enye iphrojekthi ebhekene nalesi sikhala esifanayo yi-ZCash, iphayona lakuqala lohlobo lwe-Zero Knowledge Proofs olubizwa ngokuthi i-zk-SNARKs. Umqondo oyisisekelo ngemuva Kobufakazi Bolwazi Olungenalo ukuthi ziyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi okuthile kuyiqiniso ngaphandle kokuveza ulwazi olwengeziwe (okungase kubeke engcupheni ukuphepha kwakho nobumfihlo).
Isibonelo esilula sobufakazi bolwazi lweZero yi- gradescope autograder. Kufanele "ubonise" ukuthi wenze imisebenzi ye-CS ngendlela efanele, kodwa akudingekile ukuxhumanaautograder eminye imininingwane ngokusetshenziswa kwekhodi. Kunalokho, i-autograder hlola "ulwazi" lwakho ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwamakesi okuhlola afihliwe futhi ikhodi yakho kufanele ifane nokukhishwayo "okulindelekile" kweautograder Gradescope. Ngokufanisa okukhiphayo "okulindelekile", unganikeza ubufakazi obungenalo ulwazi bokuthi uyenzile imisebenzi ngaphandle kokukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwekhodi.
Endabeni ye-ZCash, kuyilapho ukuthengiselana kubonakala ngokuzenzakalelayodefiOkokugcina, abasebenzisi bangakhetha ukusebenzisa lezi "Zero Knowledge Proofs" ukuze benze imisebenzi eyimfihlo. Uma umsebenzisi efuna ukuthumela umsebenzi, udala umlayezo womsebenzi ohlanganisa ikheli lomphakathi lomthumeli, ikheli lomphakathi lomamukeli kanye nenani lokwenziwe, bese eliguqulela libe ubufakazi be-zk-SNARK, okuwukuphela kwento. ithunyelwe kunethiwekhi. Lobu bufakazi be-zk-SNARK buqukethe lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukufakazela ubuqiniso bomsebenzi, kodwa abuvezi noma yimiphi imininingwane yokwenziwayo ngokwako. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inethiwekhi ingaqinisekisa okwenziwayo ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi ubani oyithumele, ubani oyitholile noma inani elihilelekile.
Naphezu kokuhlukana kwazo ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni, kokubili ubumfihlo bokuthengiswa kwe-Monero ne-ZCash buqinisekisiwe ezingeni le- blockchain, ukuze konke ukuthengiselana okwenzeka kunethiwekhi kuqinisekiswe ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kuyimfihlo. Lesi siqinisekiso sobumfihlo singahlukunyezwa kalula abadlali ababi ukuze benze imali ngokungemthetho, imisebenzi yobuphekula, kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, futhi i-Monero yaziwa kakhulu ngokuduma kwayo kuWebhu Emnyama [6]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba i-Monero nezinye "izinhlamvu zemali zobumfihlo" zifana nomsebenzi wezezimali ongekho emthethweni, lokhu kuhlukanisa abasebenzisi abasebenzisa lezi "zinhlamvu zemali zobumfihlo" ezinkingeni ezisemthethweni zobumfihlo, okudala iluphu yempendulo engemihle ephumela kuphela emnothweni oyingozi ongaphansi komhlaba.
Lokhu kuwububi obukhulu kakhulu bokunikeza ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi: kuyindlela yokwenza konke noma-lutho ekwakhiweni, lapho kunokuhwebelana kwe-zero-sum phakathi kokungafihli kokwenziwayo kanye nobumfihlo balokhu okwenziwayo. Kungenxa yalokhu kuntuleka kokusobala okwenza “ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi” budonsele ukucasuka kakhulu kubalawuli, futhi kungani ukuhwebelana kwe-cryptocurrency okumaphakathi, okufana noCoinbase, iKraken kanye noHuobi kukhiphe iMonero, iZCash nezinye izinhlamvu zemali zobumfihlo ezindaweni ezimbalwa. .
Indlela ehlukile yobumfihlo iwukuqinisekisa "ubumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi," lapho esikhundleni sokubethela okwenziwayo okuyimfihlo kungqimba yokuvumelana yenethiwekhi. blockchain, sicubungula okwenziwayo okuyimfihlo "kuphrothokholi" noma "kuhlelo lokusebenza" olusebenza kokuthi blockchain phinda.
Kusukela amanethiwekhi okuqala blockchain, njenge-Bitcoin, yayinokuhleleka okulinganiselwe, ukudala "ubumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi" kwakunzima kakhulu ukukwenza, futhi kwakulula kakhulu ukufokha inethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin nokusebenzisa ubumfihlo kusukela ekuqaleni ngendlela entsha. blockchain kanye “nemali yobumfihlo”. Kodwa ngokufika kwe-Ethereum kanye nokukhuphuka "kwezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile," lokhu kuye kwavula indlela entsha yokugcinwa kwezivumelwano zobumfihlo.
Esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu "zobumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi" yi-Tornado Cash, okuwuhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukaniselwe izwe (i-dApp) ku-Ethereum "elishova" ukuthengwa kwempahla ukuze liqinisekise ubumfihlo bokwenziwe - ngomqondo ofana ngandlela thize ne-Monero "blend in ” sisondela isixuku.
I-Tornado Cash protocol, ngamagama alula, ihilela izinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
Ngeshwa, ngo-Agasti 2022, i-Tornado Cash yagunyazwa uhulumeni wase-US, njengoba i-Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) yasola ukuthi abaduni baseNyakatho Korea babesebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo ukuntshontsha izimali ezebiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu kuphazamiseka, abasebenzisi base-US, amabhizinisi namanethiwekhi abasakwazi ukusebenzisa i-Tornado Cash. Umkhiqizi we-Stablecoin i-USDC Circle uye wahamba ngesinyathelo esisodwa, waqandisa imali engaphezu kuka-$75.000 exhunywe namakheli e-Tornado Cash, futhi i-GitHub ikhansele ama-akhawunti kanjiniyela we-Tornado Cash.
Lokhu kudale isivunguvungu sezingxabano ku-crypto sphere, njengoba abaningi bephikisana ngokuthi iningi labasebenzisi basebenzisa i-Tornado Cash ukwenza imisebenzi egcina ubumfihlo, nokuthi abasebenzisi bomthetho akumele bajeziswe ngezenzo ezimbi zento encane. idlanzana. Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, ngoba i-Tornado Cash "iyimfihlo yezinga le-protocol" ku-Ethereum, kunokuba "isixazululo sobumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi", ukukhwabanisa nokuwa kukhawulelwe kule protocol kunethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kunokuba kuthinte yonke inethiwekhi. , ngokungafani ne-Monero ne-ZCash, i-Ethereum ayizange ikhishwe ohlwini yi-Coinbase ngenxa yalezi zijeziso.
Enye indlela “yobumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi” eyethulwe i-Aztec Network igxile “ekuhlanganiseni” ukuze kuvikelwe izimali zabasebenzisi nokusekela ukuthengiswa kwangasese. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wama-Aztec zk.imali , esebenzisa i-Zero Knowledge Proof yamaleveli angu-2 ejulile kokubili ukukala nobumfihlo. I-ZKP yokuqala ifakazela ukulunga kokuthengiselana okuvikelwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthengiselana bekuyimfihlo futhi akukho ukuputshuka kolwazi. I-ZKP yesibili isetshenziselwa ukugoqa ngokwayo, ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukubalwa kwamaqoqo okwenziwayo ndawonye futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi konke ukuthengiselana kwenziwe ngendlela efanele.
Nakuba izisombululo "zobumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi" ezisuselwa ku-rollup zisakhula, zimele ukuvela okulandelayo kwezixazululo "zobumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi". Inzuzo eyinhloko yezixazululo ze-rollup phezu kwezixazululo "zezinga lephrothokholi" ezisuselwe ku-dApp njenge-Tornado Cash ukwehla kwazo okukhulu, njengoba umsebenzi wekhompyutha osindayo wenziwa kakhulu ngaphandle kweketango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ucwaningo oluningi lwe-rollup lugxile kuphela ekubalweni kwe-augmenting, sisekhona isikhala esanele sokuhlola ekusetshenzisweni nasekunwetshweni kwalobu buchwepheshe kumkhakha wobumfihlo.
Indlela yesithathu yokucabanga ngobumfihlo ku-Web3 ukuhlola "ubumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi," lapho iziqinisekiso zobumfihlo zinikezwa idatha yomsebenzisi ngamunye kunokugxila kudatha yokwenziwe yomsebenzisi. Kuwo womabili amazinga "wenethiwekhi" kanye "nephrothokholi", sibona inkinga eqhubekayo yedlanzana labalingisi ababi (njengokuthenga ngeWebhu Emnyama nezikimu zokukhwabanisa imali) abanomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwenethiwekhi nokusetshenziswa kwephrothokholi kubantu abaningi abangenacala abavele bakhathazeke ngobumfihlo babo. yedatha yomuntu siqu.
Umgomo "wobumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi" ukuthi ngokugxila kubasebenzisi ngabanye benethiwekhi ngokwayo, senza uhlobo "oluqondisiwe" lokuhlunga lapho abasebenzisi namakheli angalungile ekhululekile ukuxhumana ngasese nenethiwekhi. blockchain, kuyilapho abasebenzisi abanonya bengahlungwa ngokushesha. Njengoba ungacabanga, lona kuwumsebenzi onzima, ukuhamba umugqa omuhle phakathi kokusobala nobumfihlo. Lokhu kubuka okugxile kumsebenzisi kobumfihlo nakho kudala inkulumompikiswano (kanye nemboni) mayelana neqhaza nekusasa lobunikazi obubekwe endaweni (i-dID) eseduze futhi esuselwe odabeni lobumfihlo lwe-Web3. Ngobufushane, ngeke ngixoxe ngodaba lwe-KYC kanye nokuqinisekisa ku-Web3.
Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo "kobumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi" ukuqaqa futhi kusungulwe kabusha ubudlelwano phakathi komsebenzisi ngokwakhe namakheli esikhwama sakhe semali kuketango, njengoba amakheli e-wallet ayizihlonzi ze-athomu kunethiwekhi. blockchain. Okubalulekile, kukhona imephu eyodwa kuya kwabaningi ukusuka kubasebenzisi ukuya kumaketango: abasebenzisi bavamise ukulawula ngaphezu kwekheli lesikhwama esisodwa kunethiwekhi ngayinye. blockchain abaxhumana ngayo. Lona umbono "wokuhlukaniswa kobunikazi be-on-chain". Ngakho-ke, umgomo "wobumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi" ukuthola indlela evikelekile yokufaka imephu yolwazi lwabasebenzisi lomuntu siqu (PII) kubo bonke lobu bunikazi obuyizicucu be-on-chain.
Iphrojekthi eyinhloko mayelana nalokhu i-Notebook Labs, efuna ukusebenzisa I-Zero Knowledge Proofs ukuxhumanisa ubunikazi obuyiziqephu kanye ne-PII yomsebenzisi, ihlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso ezilandelayo:
Nakuba imininingwane ye-cryptographic yephrothokholi ingaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko, I-Notebook Labs ibonisa izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko "zobumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi": ukubaluleka kokubhekana nokucatshangelwa kabusha kobudlelwane phakathi kobunikazi obuhlukene phakathi kwe-chain nabasebenzisi abangabantu. zomhlaba wangempela, kanye neqhaza elibalulekile I-Zero Knowledge Proofs edlalwayo ekuhlanganiseni nasekuxhumaniseni bonke lobu bunikazi ndawonye.
Stealth walletsEsinye isisombululo esivelayo kumbuzo othi "ubumfihlo bezinga lomsebenzisi" umqondo wokuthi "stealth wallets“. Futhi, umqondo wokuthi "stealth wallets” ithatha ithuba lokuhlukaniswa kobunikazi be-on-chain, isebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzisi ngokuvamile unobunikazi obungaphezu kokukodwa. Ngokungafani ne-Tornado Cash nezinye izixazululo "zobumfihlo bezinga lephrothokholi", ezizama ukufihla idatha yokwenziwayo ngokwayo, Amakheli e-Stealth azama ukufihla ukuthi obani abantu bangempela ngemuva kwamakheli omthumeli nomamukeli. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokuyisisekelo ngokuthola i-algorithm yokwenza ngokushesha nangokuzenzakalelayo "ama-wallet okusetshenziswa okukodwa" okwenziwa komsebenzisi.
Umehluko obalulekile womqondo phakathi kwe-“stealth wallet” kanye nezixazululo zobumfihlo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla njenge-Monero ne-Tornado Cash ukuthi lokhu akulona uhlobo “lobumfihlo esixukwini”. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokungafani ne-Tornado Cash, enganikeza kuphela iziqinisekiso zobumfihlo zokudluliselwa kwamathokheni endabuko njenge-ETH, izikhwama ze-stealth nazo zinganikeza iziqinisekiso zokuphepha zamathokheni we-niche nama-NFTs, noma izimpahla eziyingqayizivele ze-on-chain ezingenabo "isixuku" hlanganisa ku. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje ukuxoxisana ngezikhwama ze-stealth ku-Ethereum kusalokhu kusesigabeni se-theory, futhi ukuphumelela kokuqaliswa kanye nemiphumela yezomthetho yalesi sixazululo esisha sezobuchwepheshe kusazobonakala.
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