I-Innovative Technique for the Brain: Uhambo Lokungena Ensimini Yezinguquko ye-Optogenetics

Ubuchopho bomuntu, isikhungo sokuqondisa esiyinkimbinkimbi semizimba yethu, sekuyisikhathi eside buthakazelisa ososayensi nabacwaningi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela indlela yoguquko ebizwa ngokuthi i-optogenetics, esivumela ukuthi silawule futhi siqonde ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kobuchopho ngezindlela ebezingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizoqala uhambo oluya emkhakheni othakazelisayo we-optogenetics, sihlola izimiso zayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nomthelela omkhulu enawo ku-neuroscience nangale kwalokho.

I-Optogenetics iyindlela esezingeni eliphezulu ehlanganisa ukubona kanye nezakhi zofuzo ukulawula ukusebenza kwama-neurons athile ezintweni eziphilayo. Kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni angezwani nokukhanya, abizwa ngokuthi ama-opsins, abhalwe ngofuzo kuma-neurons, awenza azwele ekuvuselelweni ukukhanya. Ngokwethula lawa ma-opsins kumaseli ahlosiwe kanye nokuletha ngokunembile amaphaphu okukhanya, abacwaningi bathola ikhono lokwenza kusebenze noma ukuvimbela umsebenzi we-neural ngokunemba okuphawulekayo nokulawula kwesikhashana.

Izicelo ze-optogenetics

Ukuqonda ama-neural circuits: Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinhloko ze-optogenetics ukwambula ama-neural circuits angaphakathi kobuchopho. Ngokuvula ngokukhetha noma ukuthulisa ama-neuron athile noma izindlela ze-neuronal, abacwaningi bangabona izinguquko eziwumphumela zokuziphatha ezintweni eziphilayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza izindima ezidlalwa ama-neuron angawodwana emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yengqondo, efana nenkumbulo, ukufunda, ukubona nokulawulwa kwemoto.
Khipha ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo: I-Optogenetics inamandla okuguqula ukuqonda kwethu nokwelashwa kwezinkinga zemizwa nengqondo. Ngokukhohlisa umsebenzi we-neural kumamodeli ezilwane, abacwaningi bangalingisa izimo zesifo futhi bafunde izindlela zabo eziyisisekelo. Le ndlela isikhanyisele ngezifo ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson, isithuthwane, ukudangala kanye nokulutheka, inikeza imininingwane ngamasu amasha okwelapha.

Imephu yokuxhumana kwengqondo: I-Optogenetics inikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokwenza imephu nokuqonda inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana ngaphakathi kobuchopho. Ngokukhuthaza ngokukhetha noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezithile ze-neural, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukucacisa amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi asekela izinqubo zokuqonda. Lolu lwazi lusiza ukukhomba ubudlelwano phakathi kwezifunda zobuchopho ezihlukene kanye negalelo lazo emisebenzini eyahlukene, kuvula indlela yokungenelela okuhlosiwe.
Ukubuyiselwa kokubona nokusebenza kwezinzwa: I-Optogenetics inesithembiso esikhulu emkhakheni wokubuyiselwa kombono. Ngokuletha ama-opsins azwela ukukhanya kumaseli e-retina alimele, abacwaningi bakwazi ukubuyisela ukuzwela kokukhanya kumamodeli ezilwane zobumpumputhe. Lokhu kuphumelela kuvule izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukwelashwa kwezifo ze-retina kanye nokuhlola ukubuyiselwa kwezinzwa kwezinye izizinda, njengokuzwa nokuthinta.

Ukuthuthuka kokuxhumana komshini wobuchopho

I-Optogenetics idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuxhumana komshini wobuchopho (BMIs) okuvumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kobuchopho namadivayisi angaphandle. Ngokuhlanganisa ama-opsins azwela ukukhanya nama-electrode, abacwaningi bangashintsha umsebenzi we-neural futhi bakhe izindlela zokuxhumana eziqondiswa kabili. Lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa okufana ne-prosthetics, neuroprosthetics kanye neurorehabilitation.

Ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo

Njenganoma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obunamandla, i-optogenetics iphakamisa ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha. Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwe-optogenetics kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezingozi ezingaba khona, njengemiphumela engeyona eqondiwe kanye nezinguquko zokuziphatha ezingahlosiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingqinamba zokuziphatha eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-optogenetics kubantu kufanele kubhekwane nazo ukuze kuqinisekiswe inhlalakahle nokuzimela komuntu ngamunye.
Uma sibheka esikhathini esizayo, insimu ye-optogenetics iyaqhubeka nokuvela ngokushesha. Abacwaningi bahlola amathuluzi amasha e-optogenetic, izindlela zokucwenga zokulethwa, nokwandisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kwezinye izitho zomzimba ngale kobuchopho. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, i-optogenetics inesithembiso sokuvula ezinye izimfihlakalo zomqondo, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinzwa, imithi, kanye nokuqonda kwethu ukwazi komuntu.

isiphetho

I-Optogenetics ivele njengobuchwepheshe obuguqulayo, iguqula ukuqonda kwethu ubuchopho nezindlela zabo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla okukhanya ukuze ulawule ngokunembile ukusebenza kwemizwa, le nkambu yezinhlanga ezahlukene isivule indlela yokutholwa okudabukisayo kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha. Njengoba abacwaningi beqhubeka nokuhlola amathuba e-optogenetics, sibona ngeso lengqondo ikusasa lapho lobu buchwepheshe bukhanyisa indlela eqonde ekuvuleni ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchopho nokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu abanezinkinga zemizwa.

BlogInnovazione.it