Kuyini Ukuhlolwa Kwesoftware, kusho ukuthini ukuhlola isoftware

Ukuhlola isofthiwe isethi yezinqubo zokuphenya, ukuhlola, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphelela kanye nekhwalithi yesofthiwe ebhalelwe amakhompyutha. Iqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa komkhiqizo wesofthiwe maqondana nezidingo zokulawula, zebhizinisi, zobuchwepheshe, zokusebenza nezabasebenzisi.

Ukuhlolwa kwesofthiwe, noma ukuhlolwa kwesofthiwe, kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusebenza.

Ukuhlolwa kwesofthiwe ngokuyinhloko kuyinqubo enkulu eyakhiwe izinqubo ezimbalwa ezixhumene. Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlolwa kwesofthiwe ukukala ubuqotho besofthiwe kanye nokuphelela kwayo ngokwezidingo zayo eziyisisekelo. Ukuhlolwa kwesofthiwe kubandakanya ukuhlola nokuhlola isofthiwe ngezinqubo ezahlukene zokuhlola. Izinjongo zalezi zinqubo zingabandakanya:

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuphelela kwesofthiwe ngokumelene nezidingo zokusebenza/zebhizinisi
Ukuhlonza iziphazamisi/amaphutha ochwepheshe kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isofthiwe ayinaphutha
Ukuhlolwa kokusebenziseka, ukusebenza, ukuphepha, ukwenziwa kwasendaweni, ukuhambisana nokufaka
Isofthiwe ehloliwe kufanele iphumelele zonke izivivinyo ukuze ziphelele noma zilungele ukusetshenziswa. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela zokuhlola isofthiwe zifaka ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe, ukuhlola ibhokisi elimnyama, nokuhlola ibhokisi elimpunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isofthiwe ingahlolwa iyonke, ngezingxenye/amayunithi noma ngaphakathi kwesistimu ebukhoma.

Ukuhlola Ibhokisi Elimnyama

Ukuhlola Ibhokisi Elimnyama kuyindlela yokuhlola isofthiwe egxile ekuhlaziyeni ukusebenza kwesofthiwe, ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwesistimu. Ukuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimnyama kwathuthukiswa njengendlela yokuhlaziya izidingo zamakhasimende, imininingwane kanye namasu okuklama asezingeni eliphezulu.

Umhloli we-Black Box Testing ukhetha isethi yekhodi evumelekile nengalungile kanye nezimo zokufaka bese uhlola izimpendulo ezisebenzayo eziphumayo.

Ukuhlola Ibhokisi Elimnyama kuphinde kwaziwe njengokuhlola okusebenzayo noma ukuhlola kwebhokisi elivaliwe.

Injini yokusesha iyisibonelo esilula sohlelo lokusebenza olungaphansi kokuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimnyama. Umsebenzisi wenjini yokusesha ufaka umbhalo kubha yokusesha yesiphequluli sewebhu. Injini yokusesha ibe isithola futhi ibuyise imiphumela yedatha yomsebenzisi (okukhiphayo).

Izinzuzo Zokuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimnyama zifaka:

• Ubulula: Isiza ukuhlolwa kwamaphrojekthi aphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi
• Londoloza izinsiza: Abahloli bagxila ekusebenzeni kwesofthiwe.
• Izimo Zokuhlola: Gxila ekusebenzeni kwesofthiwe ukusiza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamacala okuhlola.
• Inikeza ukuguquguquka: alukho ulwazi oluthile lokuhlela oludingekayo.

Ukuhlola Ibhokisi Elimnyama nakho kunobubi obuthile, njengokulandelayo:

• Ikesi lokuhlola/isakhiwo sombhalo nokunakekelwa kungaba inselele ngoba amathuluzi Okuhlola Ibhokisi Elimnyama ancike kokokufaka okwaziwayo.
• Ukusebenzisana ne-graphical user interface (GUI) kungonakalisa imibhalo yokuhlola.
• Ukuhlola kuthinta kuphela imisebenzi yohlelo lokusebenza.

Ukuhlola Ibhokisi Elimhlophe

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe, ikhodi isetshenziswa ngamavelu okufakwayo akhethwe kusengaphambili ukuze kuqinisekiswe amanani okukhiphayo akhethwe kusengaphambili. Ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe kuvame ukubandakanya ukubhala ikhodi ye-stub (ucezu lwekhodi olusetshenziselwa ukumiselela isici esithile. I-stub ingalingisa ukuziphatha kwekhodi ekhona, njengenqubo emshinini oqhelile.) kanye nezishayeli.

Izinzuzo zokuhlola ibhokisi elimhlophe zifaka:

• Inika amandla ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezimo zokuhlola futhi inikeza ukuzinza okukhulu
• Isiza ukwenziwa kahle kwekhodi
• Isiza ukuthola izindawo zamaphutha afihliwe ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthuka
• Isiza ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusebenza okusebenzayo
• Susa imigqa engadingekile yekhodi

Okubi kuhlanganisa:

• Idinga umhloli onesipiliyoni onolwazi lwesakhiwo sangaphakathi
• Kuthatha isikhathi
• Izindleko eziphezulu
• Ukuqinisekisa kancane kwekhodi kunzima.
• Ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kweyunithi, ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa, nokuhlolwa kokuhlehla.

Ukuhlolwa Kweyunithi

I-Unit Test iyingxenye ye-Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) lapho inqubo yokuhlola ebanzi isetshenziswa ngazinye ezingxenyeni ezincane zohlelo lwesofthiwe yokufaneleka noma ukuziphatha okufunayo.

Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi ukukalwa kwekhwalithi kanye nenqubo yokuhlola esetshenziswa emisebenzini eminingi yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe yebhizinisi. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kweyunithi kuhlola ukuthi ikhodi yesofthiwe ihambisana kahle kanjani nomgomo wayo wonke wesofthiwe/uhlelo lokusebenza/uhlelo nokuthi ukufaneleka kwayo kuwathinta kanjani amanye amayunithi amancane. Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi kungenziwa mathupha - ngonjiniyela oyedwa noma ngaphezulu - noma ngesixazululo sesoftware esizenzakalelayo.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, iyunithi ngayinye ihlukanisiwe ohlelweni oluyinhloko noma isixhumi esibonakalayo. Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngemva kokuthuthukiswa nangaphambi kokuthunyelwa, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhlanganiswa nokutholwa kwenkinga kusenesikhathi. Usayizi noma ububanzi beyunithi iyahlukahluka kuye ngolimi lohlelo, uhlelo lokusebenza lwesofthiwe, nemigomo yokuhlola.

Ukuhlolwa Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlola okusebenzayo kuyinqubo yokuhlola esetshenziswa ngaphakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe lapho isofthiwe ihlolwa khona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ithobela zonke izidingo. Kuyindlela yokuhlola isofthiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inakho konke ukusebenza okudingekayo okucaciswe ezidingweni zayo zokusebenza.

Ukuhlola okusebenzayo kusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ucezu lwesofthiwe luhlinzeka ngokukhipha okufanayo njengoba kudingwa umsebenzisi wokugcina noma ibhizinisi. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlola okusebenzayo kuhilela ukuhlola nokuqhathanisa umsebenzi wesofthiwe ngamunye nezidingo zebhizinisi. Isofthiwe ihlolwa ngokuyinikeza okokufaka okuthile okuhlobene ukuze okukhiphayo kuhlolwe ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ivumelana kanjani, ihlobana, noma ihluka kanjani kuzimfuneko zayo eziyisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola okusebenzayo kuphinde kuhlole ukusebenziseka kwesofthiwe, isibonelo ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi imisebenzi yokuzulazula isebenza njengoba kudingeka.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla wuhlobo lokuhlolwa kwesofthiwe olusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi izinkinga ezintsha ziwumphumela wezinguquko zesofthiwe.

Ngaphambi kokufaka ushintsho, uhlelo luyahlolwa. Ngemva kokwenziwa koshintsho, uhlelo luphinde luhlolwe ezindaweni ezikhethiwe ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ingabe ushintsho ludale iziphazamisi ezintsha noma izinkinga, noma ukuthi uguquko lwangempela luyifezile yini injongo yalo ehlosiwe.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinkulu zesofthiwe, njengoba kuvame ukuba nzima ukwazi ukuthi ukushintsha ingxenye eyodwa yenkinga kudale inkinga entsha engxenyeni ehlukile yohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukushintshwa kwefomu lemalimboleko yesicelo sasebhange kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kombiko wokwenziwe wanyanga zonke. Ezimweni eziningi, izinkinga zingabonakala zingahlobene, kodwa empeleni zingaba imbangela yokukhungatheka phakathi kwabathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza.

Ezinye izimo ezidinga ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla zifaka phakathi ukuthola ukuthi ingabe izinguquko ezithile ziyayifinyelela yini umgomo omisiwe noma ukuhlolwa kwezingozi ezintsha ezihlobene nezinkinga ezibuye zivele ngemva kwesikhathi ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla kwesimanje kuphathwa ngokuyinhloko ngamathuluzi okuhlola ezentengiso akhethekile athatha izifinyezo zesofthiwe ekhona abese eqhathaniswa ngemva kokufaka inguquko ethile. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi abahloli abangabantu benze imisebenzi efanayo ngokuphumelelayo njengabahloli besofthiwe abazenzakalelayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezinhlelo zesofthiwe ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu ze-IT ezifana namabhange, izibhedlela, izinkampani ezikhiqizayo kanye nabathengisi abakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa Kokucindezeleka

Ukuhlola ingcindezi kubhekisela ekuhloleni isofthiwe noma i-hardware ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kuyanelisa yini ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu nezingezinhle, okungenzeka ngenxa yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi enkulu, ukulayishwa kwenqubo, i-underclocking, i-overclocking, kanye nezimfuno zokusetshenziswa eziphezulu zezinsiza.

Amasistimu amaningi athuthukiswa ngokuthatha izimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe umkhawulo weqiwe, amaphutha awanakwa uma uhlelo luhlolwa ukucindezeleka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa.

Ukuhlola ingcindezi kusetshenziswa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• Isofthiwe: Ukuhlola ingcindezi kugcizelela ukutholakala nokuphathwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isofthiwe ayiphahlazeki ngenxa yezinsiza ezinganele. Ukuhlolwa kokucindezeleka kwesofthiwe kugxile ekwenziweni okuhlonziwe ukuze kunqanyulwe ukuthengiselana, okugcizelelwa kakhulu phakathi nokuhlolwa, noma ngabe isizindalwazi singalayishwanga. Inqubo yokuhlola ingcindezi ilayisha abasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphezu kwamaleveli esistimu avamile ukuze bathole isixhumanisi esibuthaka kakhulu ohlelweni.
• Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha: Ukuhlolwa kokucindezeleka kuqinisekisa ukuzinza ezindaweni ezivamile zekhompyutha.
• Amawebhusayithi: Ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi kunquma imikhawulo yanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwesayithi.
• I-CPU: Izinguquko ezifana ne-overvolting, undervolting, underlocking, and overlocking ziyahlolwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi zingakwazi yini ukusingatha imithwalo esindayo ngokuqalisa uhlelo olusebenzisa i-CPU ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphahlazeka kwesistimu noma ukubanda. Ukuhlolwa kokucindezeleka kwe-CPU kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuhlushwa.

Ukuhlola Okuzenzakalelayo

Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo (i-software test automation) kuyindlela yokuhlola ikhodi esebenzisa amathuluzi esofthiwe akhethekile aqhuba izivivinyo ngokuzenzakalela bese eqhathanisa imiphumela yokuhlola yangempela nemiphumela elindelekile.

Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ku-Continuous Delivery (CD), Continuous Integration (CI), DevOps, kanye ne-DevSecOps. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo zifaka:

• Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo konga isikhathi nemali yonjiniyela ngokwenza inqubo yokuhlola isebenze kahle.
• Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kuhlonza amaphutha ngokuphumelelayo kunokuhlola okwenziwa mathupha.
• Uma ukuhlola kuzenzakalela, amathuluzi amaningi okuhlola angasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana.

Ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza izivivinyo ezizenzakalelayo phakathi nenqubo yokwakha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza alunawo amaphutha okwakha futhi lenza umsebenzi walo ohlosiwe.

Ukuthatha isikhathi sokuhlola isofthiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzogcina konga isikhathi sonjiniyela ngokunciphisa ubungozi bokuthi ukuguqulwa kwekhodi kuzophula ukusebenza okukhona.

Ukuhlola kuyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa. Iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke iziphazamisi zilungisiwe nokuthi umkhiqizo, isofthiwe noma izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, zisebenza ngendlela ehlosiwe noma eseduze nokusebenza kwayo okuqondiwe ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo, kunokuhlola mathupha, kubalulekile ukuze ngokuqhubekayo kulethe isofthiwe eyongayo ehlangabezana nezidingo zabasebenzisi ngesikhathi esinezinkinga ezincane.

Izinhlobo zokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware

• Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi: Hlola uhlelo olulodwa lwezinga eliphansi endaweni engayodwa ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwalo namanye amayunithi.
• Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlanganisa: Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi nezinye izingxenye zohlelo lokusebenza zihlolwa njengebhizinisi elihlanganisiwe.
• Ukuhlola okusebenzayo: Hlola ukuthi isistimu yesofthiwe iziphatha ngendlela efanele yini.
• Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza: Linganisa ukuqina kohlelo lokusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu kunobekulindelekile. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kuvame ukwembula izingqinamba.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwentuthu: Inquma uma isakhiwo sizinzile ngokwanele ukuze siqhubeke nokuhlola okwengeziwe.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwesiphequluli: Qinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zesofthiwe ziyasebenzisana neziphequluli ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuhlola okwenziwa mathupha kusakwenziwa ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa onjiniyela noma onjiniyela bezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ngokwabo ukuze babone ngokushesha ukuthi izinguquko abazenzile zibe nomphumela obulindelekile yini.

Ercole Palmeri