Ukusungulwa kwemakethe: Amabhethri esimo esiqinile

I-boom ezimotweni zikagesi zebhethri (BEV) kuwumphumela wemibono ekhuthazwa ohulumeni, imithethonqubo kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha kwezamabhizinisi. Kuze kube manje, akekho BEV ekwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi ngendlela efanayo nemoto yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (ICE), futhi ngokusekelwe kumephu yemigwaqo emenyezelwe abakhiqizi bezimoto, alukho uphawu lokuthi umuntu uzovela ngo-2030.

I-Caratteristiche

Akuwona umsebenzi olula ukuthuthukisa a BEV okuthi, njengezimoto zamanje ze-ICE, zifakwe uphethiloli ngemizuzu emithathu, zibe nebanga elingu-1.000 km ethangini eligcwele, zihlomule nengqalasizinda eyanele futhi zingasetshenzwa kalula okungenani iminyaka eyi-10. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kwamabhethri e-solid state kungaphazamisa isimo samanje futhi kusheshise kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwemakethe BEV.

Lapho amabhethri e-lithium-ion, asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-smartphones nakwamanye amadivaysi kagesi amancane, esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezimoto, abeka izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu ekuphepheni nasekuphileni kwebhethri.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukuhwebelana phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kobubanzi, okudinga ngokuyisisekelo ukwanda kokuminyana kwamandla, nokuphepha/ukuqina. Lokhu kuhwebelana kuyisizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuthi ukusebenza kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje kubonakale njengesithiyo esingaxazululwa ekwandeni kokuthathwa kwezimoto zikagesi ezimakethe.

Amabhethri esimo esiqinile anamandla okunqoba lezi zinkinga. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile anomlando omude. Ama-electrolyte aqinile athuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-70s, kodwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-ionic kwanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, ama-electrolyte aqinile ane-ionic conductivity efanayo noma ephakeme kakhulu kuma-electrolyte anguketshezi asanda kutholwa, asheshisa imizamo yocwaningo nentuthuko.

Abakhiqizi bezimoto

Embukisweni wezimoto iTokyo Motor Show ka-2017, iToyota yamemezela umgomo wokudayisa BEV isimo esiqinile ngokuphelele engxenyeni yokuqala yama-20s. Nakuba isizukulwane sokuqala se BEV ezosebenzisa amabhethri ezinhlobo eziqinile okulindeleke ukuthi yethulwe yiToyota izoba nevolumu elinganiselwe yokukhiqiza, isimemezelo sale nkampani ngokungangabazeki sizogqugquzela imizamo eyengeziwe yezinkampani eziningi, abacwaningi kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ekuthuthukisweni kwawo wonke amabhethri e-solid state. .

IVolkswagen, Hyundai Motor kanye neNissan Motor bonke bamemezele ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkampanini eziqalayo, ngakho sikholwa ukuthi lesi yisihloko esingase sihlomule ekunakeni okukhulu.

Amandla amabhethri esimo esiqinile

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje ahlanganisa i-cathode, isixazululo se-electrolyte, isihlukanisi kanye ne-anode. Umehluko kubhethri lesimo esiqinile ukuthi i-electrolyte iqinile. Eqinisweni, zonke izingxenye nezinto zokwakha ziqinile, yingakho igama elithi "isimo esiqinile".

Izakhiwo zamabhethri esimo esiqinile zincike ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo, kodwa ucwaningo kuze kube manje luveza amandla acacile mayelana nokuphepha, ukumelana nokuvuza, ukumelana nokushiswa (isakhiwo sokupholisa esenziwe lula), i-miniaturization, ukuguquguquka komklamo mayelana nokwakheka ukuxhumana okuqondile ungqimba lweseli, impilo yomjikelezo wokuphuma omude uma kuqhathaniswa, akukho ukuwohloka ngenxa yezindawo ezinhle zokushisa eziphakeme/eziphansi, izikhathi zokushaja ezimfushane, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu.

Esikhathini esedlule, ukuminyana kwamandla aphansi bekubonwa njengobuthakathaka bamabhethri e-solid-state, kodwa i-Tokyo Institute of Technology kanye nethimba labacwaningi lakwa-Toyota baye bakha ngokuhlanganyela ibhethri lezwe eliqinile elinamandla aphindwe kathathu futhi ukuminyana kwamandla okuphindwe kabili kunalawo akhona. amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Sikholelwa ukuthi wonke amabhethri e-solid state anamandla okunqoba ukonakala kwezimoto zikagesi.

Umthelela wokungena emakethe kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile

Imithelela emikhulu yamabhethri e-solid-state embonini yezimoto ihlanganisa ukusheshisa ekuthathweni kwemakethe BEV kanye nezinguquko ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwebhethri BEV. Eziyisithupha BEV izothatha indawo yezimoto ze-ICE, ngeke sibe khona isidingo sezinjini, ukuhanjiswa kanye nezingxenye ezihlobene, kodwa kuzoba nesidingo esisha samabhethri, ama-inverter, amamotho kanye nezingxenye ezihlobene nalezi zinhlelo.

Kwabahlanganisi bezimoto abavamile, abakhiqiza izinjini nama-drivetrains endlini, ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi banamandla okuthuthukisa amabhethri e-solid-state yonke endlini kuwumthombo obalulekile wevelu engeziwe. Kubahlinzeki, kuzobaluleka ukuthi babuyekeze ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izingxenye ezintsha.

Uma kukhona ukwanda kokwamukelwa kwemakethe ye BEVImithetho yezwe lonke elawula izinto ezifana nezintela, inqubomgomo yamandla kanye nezinsiza nakho kungenzeka kuguquke.

Ukushintsha kusuka kuketshezi ukuya kumabhethri e-lithium-ion esimo esiqinile kungasho futhi ukushintshwa kusuka kuketshezi kuya kuma-electrolyte aqinile kanye nokuncipha kwesidingo sezihlukanisi, futhi kungaba namandla okusebenzisa izinto ezintsha zama-cathode nama-anode.

Izinto ezisetshenziswa kumabhethri aqinile azokwethulwa yiToyota engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2020 kungenzeka zifane nalezo ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje, futhi njengoba amanani okukhiqiza encipha, umthelela ochungechungeni lwamanje lokunikezela ngempahla kungenzeka futhi encane. Kodwa-ke, uma sibona inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile emizamweni ye-R&D, amabhethri e-state-solid-state atholakala engxenyeni yesibili yowezi-2020 no-2030s kungenzeka aphazamise.

Izithiyo ekuthathweni kwemakethe kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile

Kuke kwakhulunywa ngokuchema ngaku-i BEV, kodwa ukuvumelana kwamanje kwemakethe ukuthi manje sisenkathini "yokuhlukahluka kwe-powertrain" kunokuba kufike iminyaka yobudala. BEV kanjalo. Kodwa-ke, sikholelwa ukuthi uma imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwamabhethri e-solid state iphumelela, inkathi BEV kungase kusondele.

Noma kunjalo, kwakuzodingeka kuxazululwe izinkinga eziningi. Ucwaningo nentuthuko okuhloswe ngayo ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwawo wonke amabhethri ombuso oqinile kusanda kuqala, futhi ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza zizokwehla kangakanani akukakacaci. Ngokombono, kufanele kube namandla amakhulu okunciphisa izindleko uma kubhekwa ukwenziwa lula kwamaphakethe ebhethri kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingabizi kakhulu ze-electrode.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kukhona inqubekelaphambili enkulu kunobekulindelekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion kanye nokwehliswa okukhulu kwezindleko, ukushintshela kumabhethri esimo esiqinile wonke kungase kubambezeleke.

I-Futuro

Kukhona futhi ingozi ukuthi isithakazelo i BEV ngokwazo zingase zinyamalale ngenxa yentuthuko ezimotweni zikagesi eziyi-hybrid (HEV) nezimoto ezijwayelekile ze-ICE, inkulumo-mpikiswano ehambisana namasondo kanye nokuduma okusha kwezimoto zikadizili, okungasho ukwenza buthakathaka imizamo yokuthuthukisa yawo wonke amabhethri asesimweni esiqinile.

Ngokombono wobubanzi kanye nesikhathi esidingekayo sokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, izimoto ze-fuel cell zingenye izimbangi ezingaba khona. Nakuba izindaba zengqalasizinda ziyinkinga, maningi amathuba okuthi kushintshwe izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokuthutha amandla.

I-KPMG's 2018 Global Automotive Executive Survey iklelise izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli njengenjwayelo ephambili ngo-2025 kanye BEV zikleliswe endaweni yesi-3 ngokwezikhulu zezimoto zomhlaba wonke. Ngo-2017, inhlolovo efanayo iphendule amatafula, nge-i BEV endaweni yokuqala kanye nezimoto ezithwala uphethiloli endaweni yesithathu.

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