Ubungasese kwi-WEB3: ukuphononongwa kobuchwephesha kunye nokungabikho kobugcisa bemfihlo kwi-WEB3

Ubungasese kwi-WEB3 ngumba osentloko kakhulu. Ikhuthazwe luhlalutyo lwe-WEB3.com Ventures, sizame ukuphonononga iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zobumfihlo kwi-WEB3.

KwiWeb3, imfihlo yindlovu kwivenkile yekristale. Ngaxeshanye amandla amakhulu e-cryptocurrencies, ehamba kunye nemigaqo yokwabiwa kwamagunya kunye nokungaziwa.

Ngelishwa, esi sisihloko esingaqondwa kakuhle, umzekelo abaninzi babona "ubumfihlo" be-cryptocurrencies njengesizathu sokuxhasa ngemali abanqolobi kunye nemali emdaka. Inyaniso yokuba i-crypto Twitter iyaziqhenya ngayo anon culture (inkcubeko engaziwa) kunye nokuba amajelo eendaba rhoqo (ngenjongo okanye engenzi ngabom) abethelela olu bandlululo akuncedi ukuphelisa ezi nkolelo.

WEB3 iikhonsepthi

Ngenxa yokuba ubumfihlo beWeb3 luluvo olubandakanya konke, ukuchukumisa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwimifanekiso yeprofayile yenkawu ukuya kufihlo kunye. Zero Knowledge Proofs, akuncedi ukuthetha ngayo ngokubanzi kunye nokwenza izigwebo ngokungxama. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka sizame ukwahlula isihloko sibe ngamacandelo amancinci.

Makhe sizame ukubona isiseko seWeb3 "sabucala" sahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo:

• inqanaba lenethiwekhi yabucala,
• iprotocol-level ubumfihlo e
• ubumfihlo benqanaba lomsebenzisi

Ubumfihlo benqanaba lothungelwano

Ubumfihlo benqanaba lothungelwano kulapho yonke intengiselwano ye Yedijithalikuthungelwano olunikiweyo blockchain, iqinisekiswa ngokuyimfihlo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zemvume esisiseko blockchain, kunye nokukhetha koyilo lwenqanaba lomnatha.

Le ngcamango yobumfihlo ineengcambu zayo kwiprotocol Bitcoin kunye nombono wakhe wokufihla "iidilesi zesipaji" njenge-160-bit cryptographic hashes. Ngelixa Bitcoin ngokwayo inentengiselwano ecace ngokupheleleyo, apho nawuphi na umsebenzisi anokuhlola nayiphi na intengiselwano kuthungelwano lwakhe, imigaqo yoyilo yokwabela amagunya kunye nokungaziwa Bitcoin ngokungathandabuzekiyo baphefumlele amandla okuqhubela phambili ekuphuhliseni "ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi" kunye blockchain igxile kubumfihlo.

Monero

Enye yeeprojekthi eziphambili zokuseka ubumfihlo bezinga lenethiwekhi yiMonero, a blockchain ngokusekelwe kubumfihlo obudala ngo-2014. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Bitcoin, i-Monero ifihla zombini izipaji zomsebenzisi kunye nokuthengiselana ngasemva "Ring Signatures", apho abasebenzisi ngaphakathi "kweringi" enikiweyo banokufikelela kumsayino weqela elithile kwaye basebenzise elo qela utyikityo ukusayina iintengiselwano. Ke ngoko, kuyo nayiphi na intengiselwano enikiweyo kuthungelwano lwe-Monero, sinokutsho kuphela ukuba ivele kwiqela elithile, kodwa asazi ukuba ngowuphi umsebenzisi kwelo qela osayine intengiselwano. Ngokwenyani, olu luhlobo "lobumfihlo beqela," apho abasebenzisi bajoyina amaqela ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo kuye wonke umntu.

I-ZCash

Enye iprojekthi ejongene nale ndawo yi-ZCash, uvulindlela wokuqala wohlobo lwe-Zero Knowledge Proofs ebizwa ngokuba yi-zk-SNARKs. Ingcamango esisiseko emva koBungqina boLwazi lweZero kukuba bayindlela yokubonisa ukuba into iyinyani ngaphandle kokutyhila ulwazi olongezelelweyo (olunokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwakho kunye nobumfihlo).

Umzekelo olula weZero Ulwazi Ubungqina a gradescope autograder. Kufuneka "ubonise" ukuba uyenzile imisebenzi ye-CS ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa akukho mfuneko yokunxibelelanaautograder iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokuphunyezwa kwekhowudi. Kunoko, iautograder khangela "ulwazi" lwakho ngokuqhuba uthotho lweemeko zovavanyo ezifihliweyo kwaye ikhowudi yakho mayitshatise "ekulindelekileyo" imveliso yeautograder Gradescope. Ngokuthelekisa umphumo "okulindelekileyo", unokubonelela ngobungqina be-zero-ulwazi lokuba uyenzile imisebenzi ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuphunyezwa kwangempela kwekhowudi.

Kwimeko ye-ZCash, ngelixa iintengiselwano ziselubala ngokungagqibekangadefinita, abasebenzisi banokukhetha ukusebenzisa ezi "Zero zoBubungqina boLwazi" ukwenza ukuthengiselana kwangasese. Xa umsebenzisi efuna ukuthumela intengiselwano, udala umyalezo wokuthengiselana oquka idilesi yoluntu yomthumeli, idilesi yoluntu yomamkeli, kunye nesixa sentengiselwano, aze ayiguqule ibe bubungqina bezk-SNARK, nto leyo kuphela kwento ethunyelwe inethiwekhi. Ubu bungqina be-zk-SNARK buqulethe lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunyaniseka kwentengiselwano, kodwa ayivezi naziphi na iinkcukacha zentengiselwano ngokwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inethwekhi inokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba ngubani oyithumeleyo, ngubani oyifumeneyo, okanye imali ebandakanyekayo.

Iingqwalasela kwiiProjekthi zeNqanaba leNethiwekhi yaBucala

Nangona ukungafani kwabo kuyilo kunye nokuphunyezwa, ubumfihlo bentengiselwano buqinisekisiwe kwinqanaba le-Monero kunye neZCash. blockchain, ukuze zonke iintengiselwano ezenzeka kwinethiwekhi ziqinisekiswe ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba ziyimfihlo. Esi siqinisekiso sabucala sinokusetyenziswa kakubi ngabadlali ababi ukwenza imali ngokungekho mthethweni, imisebenzi yobunqolobi, kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi, kwaye iMonero idume kakhulu ngokuthandwa kwayo kwiWebhu emnyama [6]. Ngaphaya koko, njengoko i-Monero kunye nezinye "iingqekembe zemali zabucala" zihambelana nomsebenzi wezemali ongekho mthethweni, oku kuhlukanisa abasebenzisi abasebenzisa ezi "inkozo zabucala" kwiinkxalabo zabucala ezisemthethweni, ziphembelela ingxelo engeyiyo ekhokelela kuqoqosho oluyingozi olungaphantsi komhlaba.

Le yeyona nto ingathandekiyo yokubonelela ngemfihlo yenqanaba lenethiwekhi: yindlela yokwenza yonke into okanye akukho nto kuyilo, apho kukho urhwebo lwe-zero-sum-sum phakathi kokungafihli kwentengiselwano kunye nemfihlo yale ntengiselwano. Kungenxa yolu kungabikho elubala ukuba "ubumfihlo benqanaba lothungelwano" lutsala eyona ngqumbo kubalawuli, kwaye kutheni utshintshiselwano lwe-cryptocurrency oluphakathi, olunje ngeCoinbase, iKraken kunye neHuobi zisuse iMonero, iZCash kunye nezinye iingqekembe zabucala kwiindawo ezininzi. .

Inqanaba leProtocol labucala

Indlela eyahlukileyo yobumfihlo kukuqinisekisa "ubumfihlo kwinqanaba leprothokholi," apho endaweni yokubethela utshintshiselwano lwabucala kwinqanaba lemvumelwano yenethiwekhi. blockchain, siqhuba iitransekshini zabucala "kwiprotocol" okanye "isicelo" esisebenza kwi blockchain phinda.

Ukususela kwiinethiwekhi zokuqala blockchain, njengeBitcoin, yayinocwangciso olulinganiselweyo, ukudala "ubumfihlo benqanaba leprotocol" kwakunzima kakhulu ukwenza, kwaye kwakulula kakhulu ukufoxa inethiwekhi yeBitcoin kunye nokuphumeza ubumfihlo ukusuka ekuqaleni ngendlela entsha. blockchain kunye “nemali yabucala”. Kodwa ngokufika kwe-Ethereum kunye nokunyuka "kwezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile," oku kuye kwavula indlela entsha yokugcinwa kweeprotocol.

I-Tornado Cash

Omnye wemizekelo ephawuleka ngakumbi "yemfihlo yenqanaba leprotocol" yiTornado Cash, esisicelo esinikezelweyo (dApp) kwi-Ethereum ethi "shuffles" iintengiselwano zibe kwidama lokuqinisekisa ubumfihlo bentengiselwano - ngandlel' ithile ifana nengqondo kwi-Monero ” njengoko isihlwele sisondela.

Iprotocol yeTornado Cash, ngamagama alula, ibandakanya amanyathelo amathathu aphambili:

1. Idiphozithi: abasebenzisi bathumela iimali zabo kwisivumelwano seTornado Cash smart. Oku kuqalisa intengiselwano yabucala eyenziwe ngokungenamkhethe "iseti yokungaziwa," eliqela labasebenzisi abasebenzisanayo kwangaxeshanye.
2. Ukuxuba: I-Tornado Cash idibanisa iimali ezidipozithiweyo kunye neemali zabanye abasebenzisi kwiseti yokungaziwa, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukulandelela umthumeli okanye umamkeli wokuqala. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "ukudibanisa" okanye "ukungaziwa".
3. Ukurhoxiswa: emva kokuba iimali zixutywe, abasebenzisi banokurhoxisa imali yabo kwidilesi entsha abayikhethileyo, besaphula ikhonkco phakathi kwedilesi yabo yasekuqaleni kunye nedilesi yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Umsebenzisi unokugqibezela intengiselwano ngokuthumela imali ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwidilesi "entsha" yokuya kumamkeli.

I-Tornado Cash kunye ne-OFAC

Ngelishwa, ngo-Agasti ka-2022, iTornado Cash yohlwaywa ngurhulumente wase-US, njengoko iOfisi yoLawulo lweMpahla yaNgaphandle (OFAC) yatyhola ukuba abahlaseli baseNyakatho Korea babesebenzisa iprotocol yokuthengisa iimali ezibiweyo. Ngenxa yoku kuphazamiseka, abasebenzisi base-US, amashishini kunye nothungelwano abasakwazi ukusebenzisa iTornado Cash. I-Stablecoin ekhupha i-USDC Circle yahamba inyathelo elinye ukuya phambili, iqhwalela imali engaphezulu kwe-$ 75.000 yeemali ezidityaniswe needilesi ze-Tornado Cash, kunye ne-GitHub irhoxisiwe i-akhawunti yomphuhlisi we-Tornado Cash.

Oku kuye kwabangela isivunguvungu sokuphikisana kwi-crypto sphere, njengoko abaninzi baye baxela ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzisi basebenzisa iTornado Cash ukwenzela ukuthengiselana okusemthethweni kokugcinwa kwangasese, kwaye abasebenzisi beprotocol akufanele bohlwaywe ngenxa yezenzo ezimbi zencinci. abambalwa. Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba iTornado Cash "yiprotocol-level privacy" kwi-Ethereum, kunokuba isisombululo "sobumfihlo bezinga lomnatha", ukuchithwa kunye nokuwa kukhawulelwe kule protocol kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kunokuba ichaphazele inethiwekhi yonke. , ngokungafani neMonero kunye neZCash, i-Ethereum ayizange ikhutshwe yiCoinbase ngenxa yezi zigwebo.

zk.imali

Enye indlela "kwinqanaba lobumfihlo beprotocol" eyaziswa yi-Aztec Network igxile "kwi-rollups" ukukhusela iimali zabasebenzisi kunye nokuxhasa ukuthengiselana kwangasese. Imveliso ephambili ye-Aztec zk.imali , esebenzisa i-2-level deep recursive Zero Knowledge Ubungqina bokubini kunye nobumfihlo. I-ZKP yokuqala iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwentengiselwano ekhuselweyo, iqinisekisa ukuba intengiselwano yayiyimfihlo kwaye akukho lwazi luvuzayo. I-ZKP yesibini isetyenziselwa i-rollup ngokwayo, ukuze idibanise ukubalwa kweebhetshi zentengiselwano kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iitransekshini zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ngelixa izisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-rollup "kwinqanaba leprotocol-level yabucala" zisesebusaneni, zimele inguquko elandelayo yezisombululo "zeprotocol-level privacy". Inzuzo ephambili yezisombululo zokuqengqeleka ngaphezulu kwe-dApp-esekwe kwizisombululo "zenqanaba leprotocol-level" efana neTornado Cash kukukhula kwabo okukhulu, njengoko umsebenzi onzima wekhompyuter wenziwa ubukhulu becala ngaphandle kwekhonkco. Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokuba uninzi lophando lwe-rollup lugxile kuphela ekwandiseni ukubala, kusekho indawo eyaneleyo yokuhlola kwisicelo kunye nokwandiswa kwezi teknoloji kwinqanaba labucala.

Ubungasese bomgangatho womsebenzisi

Indlela yesithathu yokucinga ubumfihlo kwiWeb3 kukuphonononga "ubumfihlo benqanaba lomsebenzisi," apho iziqinisekiso zabucala zibonelelwa ngedatha yomsebenzisi ngamnye kunokujolisa kwidatha yentengiselwano yomsebenzisi. Kuwo omabini amanqanaba "wenethiwekhi" kunye "neprotocol", sibona ingxaki ephindaphindiweyo yegcuntswana labadlali ababi (abanje ngentengiselwano emnyama yewebhu kunye nezicwangciso zokurhwaphiliza imali) eziphembelela uthungelwano kunye nokusetyenziswa kweprotocol kuninzi olumsulwa oluxhalabele ubumfihlo babo. yedata yobuqu.

Phakathi kokungafihli kunye nobumfihlo

I-crux "yenqanaba labucala lomsebenzisi" kukuba ngokugxila kubasebenzisi ngabanye benethiwekhi ngokwayo, siqhuba "indlela ekujoliswe kuyo" yokucoca apho abasebenzisi abalungileyo kunye needilesi zikhululekile ukusebenzisana ngasese kunye nenethiwekhi. blockchain, ngelixa abasebenzisi abakhohlakeleyo banokuhluzwa ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko unokucinga, lo ngumsebenzi onzima, ukuhamba umgca ophakathi phakathi kokungafihli kunye nobumfihlo. Lo mbono ugxile kumsebenzisi wobumfihlo uphinda uvelise ingxoxo epheleleyo (kunye neshishini) malunga nendima kunye nekamva lesazisi esibekwe phantsi kolawulo (dID) ekufuphi nephuma kumba wabucala weWeb3. Ngobufutshane, andizukuxoxa ngomcimbi we-KYC kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwiWeb3.

Ukuqonda okusisiseko "kwinqanaba labucala lomsebenzisi" kukwahlula kunye nokuphinda uqalise ubudlelwane phakathi komsebenzisi kunye needilesi zesipaji sakhe kwitsheyini, kuba iidilesi zesipaji ziziphawuli zeathom kuthungelwano. blockchain. Okubalulekileyo, kukho imephu enye ukuya kwabaninzi ukusuka kubasebenzisi ukuya kumatyathanga: abasebenzisi bahlala belawula ngaphezu kwedilesi yesipaji enye kwinethiwekhi nganye. blockchain abanxibelelana nabo. Lo ngumbono "wokuqhekeka kwesazisi kwikhonkco". Ngoko ke, eyona nto iphambili “kwinqanaba labucala lomsebenzisi” kukufumana indlela ekhuselekileyo yokubeka imephu yabasebenzisi (PII) kuzo zonke ezi nkcukacha ziqhekekayo kwikhonkco.

IiLebhu zeencwadana

Iprojekthi ephambili kulo mba ziiLabhu zamanqaku, ezifuna ukusebenzisa iiZero Knowledge Proofs ukudibanisa izazisi eziqhekezayo kunye nePII yomsebenzisi, ibonelela ngezi ziqinisekiso zilandelayo:

1. Abasebenzisi banokungqina ubuntu babo nangasiphi na isazisi esaphukileyo sekhonkco
2. Akukwazeki ukudibanisa ezi mpawu kunye (ngaphandle kokuba isitshixo esiyimfihlo somsebenzisi sivuza)
3. Akunakwenzeka ukuba amaqela esithathu okanye abachasi badibanise isazisi esiqhekezayo sekhonkco kunye nesazisi sokwenyani somsebenzisi.
4. Iimqinisekiso zinokudityaniswa kuzo zonke iinkcukacha
5. Umntu ngamnye ufumana iseti enye yezazisi ezahlulwe ngamakhonkco

Ngelixa iinkcukacha ze-cryptographic zeprothokholi zingaphaya komda wesi sincoko, iiLabhu zamanqaku zibonisa iingongoma ezimbini ezingundoqo "zobumfihlo benqanaba lomsebenzisi": ukubaluleka kokujongana nokucinga kwakhona kobudlelwane phakathi kobuninzi bezazisi ezahlulahlulwe kwikhonkco kunye nabasebenzisi babantu. lwehlabathi lokwenyani, kwakunye nendima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ziiZiro Knowledge Proofs ekuhlanganiseni nasekudibaniseni zonke ezi ziphawuli kunye.

Stealth wallets

Esinye isisombululo esivelayo kumbuzo "wenqanaba labucala lomsebenzisi" ngumbono "stealth wallets“. Kwakhona, ingcamango "stealth wallets” ithatha ithuba lokuqhekeka kwesazisi se-on-chain, ithatha ithuba lokuba umsebenzisi uba nesazisi esingaphezulu kwesinye. Ngokungafaniyo neTornado Cash kunye nezinye izisombululo "zenqanaba leprotocol-imfihlo", ezizama ukufihla idatha yentengiselwano ngokwayo, iidilesi zeStealth zizama ukufihla ukuba ngoobani abantu bokwenyani abasemva komthumeli kunye needilesi zomamkeli. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusisiseko ngokufumana i-algorithm yokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo "i-wallet yokusetyenziswa okukodwa" kwintengiselwano yomsebenzisi.

Umahluko obalulekileyo wengqiqo phakathi kwe “stealth wallet” kunye nezisombululo zabucala ezixutyushwa ngasentla ezifana neMonero kunye neTornado Cash kukuba oku akusiyo uhlobo "lwemfihlo kwisihlwele". Oku kuthetha ukuba ngokungafaniyo neTornado Cash, enokubonelela kuphela ngeziqinisekiso zangasese zokudluliselwa kwethokheni yendabuko efana ne-ETH, izipaji ze-stealth nazo zinokubonelela ngeziqinisekiso zokhuseleko kwii-niche tokens kunye ne-NFTs, okanye i-asethi ekhethekileyo ye-chain-chain abangenayo "isihlwele" dibanisa kwi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ingxoxo kwi-wallet ye-stealth kwi-Ethereum ihleli kwinqanaba lethiyori, kwaye ukuphumelela kokuphunyezwa kunye nemiphumo yomthetho yesi sisombululo esitsha sezobuchwepheshe sisabonakala.

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