Iipateni zoyilo zizisombululo ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwiingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo kuyilo lwesoftware.
Iipateni zoyilo zizisombululo ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi ezininzi.
Ixesha lokufunda eliqikelelweyo: 5 imizuzu
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweePatheni zoYilo kunye nemigaqo ye-SOLID
- Ipatheni yoyilo:
- Izisombululo eziKhethekileyo: Iipateni zoyilo zichanekileyo, izisombululo ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi kwiingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo kuyilo lwesoftware.
- Iinkcukacha zoPhumezo: Ukubonelela ngezikhokelo zomiliselo ezibambekayo zokusombulula imingeni yenkqubo ejolise kwinto efanayo.
- Imizekelo: Ezinye iipatheni zoyilo ezaziwayo ziquka iSingleton, iFactory Method, kunye neepatheni ze-Adapter.
- Ukhuseleko: Iipateni zoyilo ziyavavanywa kwaye zamkelwe ngokubanzi luluntu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kukhuseleke ukulandelwa.
- Imigaqo e-SOLID:
- Izikhokelo ngokuBanzi: Imigaqo ye-SOLID zizikhokelo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ezazisa uyilo lwesoftware elungileyo.
- Uyilo lolwakhiwo olunokwehla: Bajolise ekulinganiseni, ukugcinwa, kunye nokufundeka.
- Ayibophelelanga kulwimi: Imigaqo e-SOLID ayibophelelanga kulo naluphi na ulwimi lwenkqubo ethile.
- Esempi:
- ISingle Responsibility Principle (SRP): Iklasi kufuneka ibe nesizathu esinye kuphela sokutshintsha.
- Vula/vala umgaqo (OCP): Amaziko esoftware kufuneka avulelwe ukwandiswa kodwa avalwe ukulungiswa.
- I-Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP): Ii-Subtypes kufuneka zithathelwe indawo ngeentlobo zazo ezisisiseko.
- I-Interface Segregation Principle (ISP): Abaxumi akufanele banyanzeliswe ukuba baxhomekeke kwi-interfaces abangayisebenzisi.
- I-Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP): Iimodyuli eziphakamileyo akufanele zixhomekeke kwiimodyuli ezisezantsi; zombini kufuneka zixhomekeke kwizinto ezithathwayo.
Isishwankathelo, iipatheni zoyilo zibonelela ngezisombululo ezithile, ngelixa imigaqo ye-SOLID ibonelela ngezikhokelo eziqhelekileyo zoyilo lwesoftware olungcono
Izinto eziluncedo zokuSebenzisa iiPatheni zoYilo
- Ukusebenziseka kwakhona: Iipateni zoyilo zizisombululo ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi ezininzi. Ngokusebenzisa iipateni ezisekiweyo, abaphuhlisi bonga ixesha kunye neenzame, njengoko kungafuneki baphinde baqalise ivili kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo.
- Defii-architecture: Iipateni zoyilo ziyanceda deficoca uyilo lwenkqubo yesoftware. Babonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokusombulula imingeni ethile yoyilo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kunye nokugcinwa.
- Flessibilità: Izifanekiso zivumela ukuguquguquka ekuziqhelaniseni neemfuno eziguqukayo. Xa iimpawu ezintsha okanye utshintsho lufuneka, abaphuhlisi banokuguqula okanye bandise iitemplates ezikhoyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inkqubo yonke.
Izinto ezingeloncedo zokusebenzisa iiPatheni zoYilo
- Ijika lokufunda: Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa iipatheni zoyilo kufuna ulwazi namava. Abaphuhlisi be-Novice banokukufumanisa kunzima ukuqonda iikhonsepthi kwaye bakhethe imodeli efanelekileyo yengxaki ethile.
- Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo: Ukuba neepateni zoyilo ezifumaneka lula kunokukhokelela kwimbono engeyiyo yokuba zonke iingxaki zinokusonjululwa kusetyenziswa iipatheni ezikhoyo. Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kweetemplates kunokunciphisa ubuchule kwaye kuthintele uphendlo lwezisombululo ezingcono, ezintsha.
- Ukuntsonkotha- Ezinye iipatheni zoyilo zazisa ukuntsonkotha okongezelelweyo kwisiseko sekhowudi. Abaphuhlisi kufuneka bafumane ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenzisa iipateni ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokwenza ikhowudi iqondeke.
Isishwankathelo, iipateni zokuyila zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokusebenziseka kwakhona, ukuyila kunye nokuguquguquka, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kufuneka kube nengqiqo ukuphepha ubunzima obungeyomfuneko kunye nokukhuthaza ukuyila.
Umzekelo wePatheni yoYilo kwiLaravel: Singleton
Ipatheni yoyilo lwe-Singleton iqinisekisa ukuba iklasi inomzekelo omnye kwaye inika indawo enye yokungena. KwiLaravel, le modeli isoloko isetyenziselwa ukulawula izixhobo ezinje ngokudityaniswa kwedathabheyisi okanye useto loqwalaselo.
Nanku umzekelo osisiseko wokuphunyezwa kwepateni ye-Singleton kwi-PHP:
<?php
iklasi yeSingleton {
i-static yangasese $ instance = null;
umsebenzi wabucala __ ukwakha () {
// Umakhi wabucala ukukhusela ukwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo
}
Umsebenzi omileyo woluntu getInstance (): self {
ukuba (null === self::$instance) {
self :: $ umzekelo = umntu omtsha ();
}
buyisela ngokwakho :: $ umzekelo;
}
// Ezinye iindlela kunye neempawu zingongezwa apha
}
// Ukusetyenziswa:
$ singletonInstance = Singleton ::getInstance ();
// Ngoku unomzekelo omnye weklasi ye-Singleton
// Umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwiLaravel:
$database = DB :: uqhagamshelwano ('mysql');
// Fumana umzekelo woqhagamshelo lwedatabase (singleton)
Kwisampulu yekhowudi:
- Iklasi ye-Singleton inomakhi wabucala wokuthintela ukwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo;
- Indlela ye-getInstance () iqinisekisa ukuba mnye kuphela umzekelo weklasi okhoyo;
- Unokongeza ezinye iindlela kunye neepropathi kwiklasi ye-Singleton njengoko kufuneka;
Isikhongozeli senkonzo yeLaravel ikwasebenzisa ipateni yeSingleton ukulawula ukuxhomekeka kweklasi kunye nokwenza inaliti yokuxhomekeka. Ukuba usebenza ngaphakathi kweLaravel, cinga ukusebenzisa isikhongozeli senkonzo kunye nokubhalisa iklasi yakho kunye nomboneleli wenkonzo kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa eziphambili.
Ercole Palmeri
