Isicelo sephepha elinye (i-SPA) lusetyenziso lwewebhu olunikezelwa kumsebenzisi ngephepha elinye le-HTML ukuze liphendule ngakumbi kwaye liphindaphinde ngokusondeleyo isicelo sedesktop okanye usetyenziso lwemveli.
I-SPA iza ngamanye amaxesha defiujongano lwephepha elinye (SPI).
Isicelo esinephepha elinye sinokulanda yonke i-HTML yesicelo, iJavaScript, kunye neCSS ngexesha lomthwalo wokuqala, okanye inokulayisha ngokuguquguqukayo izixhobo zokuhlaziya kwimpendulo kunxibelelwano lomsebenzisi okanye ezinye iziganeko.
Ezinye izicelo zewebhu, zibonisa umsebenzisi ngephepha lasekhaya eliqhagamshelwe kwiindawo zesicelo kumaphepha ahlukeneyo e-HTML, okuthetha ukuba umsebenzisi kufuneka alinde iphepha elitsha ukuba lilayishe rhoqo xa esenza isicelo esitsha.
Ubugcisa
I-SPAs zisebenzisa i-HTML5 kunye ne-Ajax (i-JavaScript engavumelaniyo kunye ne-XML) ukunika amandla iimpendulo zamanzi kunye neziguquguqukayo kwizicelo zomsebenzisi, ukuvumela umxholo ukuba uhlaziywe ngokukhawuleza xa umsebenzisi ethatha isenzo. Emva kokuba iphepha lilayishiwe, ukusebenzisana nomncedisi kwenzeka ngeefowuni ze-Ajax kwaye idatha ibuyiselwe, ifunyenwe kwi-JSON (i-JavaScript Object Notation) ifomathi, ukuhlaziya iphepha ngaphandle kokufuna ukulayishwa kwakhona.
SPA ngokweenkcukacha
Iiapps zephepha elinye ziphawuleka ngokukwazi ukuyila kwakhona nayiphi na indawo yojongano lomsebenzisi ngaphandle kokufuna uhambo olujikelezayo lomncedisi ukulanda iHTML. Oku kufezwa ngokuhlula idatha kwinkcazo yedatha kunye nomgangatho womzekelo olawula idatha kunye nomgangatho wokujonga ofunda kwiimodeli.
Ikhowudi elungileyo ivela ekusombululeni ingxaki enye amaxesha amaninzi, okanye ukuyibuyisela kwakhona. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo iguqukela kwiipateni eziphindaphindiweyo, kunye nesixhobo esinye esenza into enye ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukubhala ikhowudi egcinekayo, kufuneka ubhale ikhowudi ngendlela elula. Lo ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo, enyanisweni kulula ukongeza ubunzima (i-entlances / ukuxhomekeka) ngokubhala ikhowudi ukusombulula ingxaki; kwaye kulula ukusombulula ingxaki ngendlela enganciphisi ubunzima.
Izithuba zamagama ngumzekelo woku.
Izicelo zephepha elinye (SPA) ii-Multi Page Applications (MPA) xa zithelekiswa
Usetyenziso lwamaphepha amaninzi (MPAs) lunamaphepha amaninzi anedatha engatshintshiyo kunye nekhonkco kwezinye iisayithi. I-HTML kunye neCSS zezona teknoloji zisetyenziswayo ukuphuhlisa iiwebhusayithi zeMPA. Bangasebenzisa iJavaScript ukunciphisa umthwalo kunye nokunyusa isantya. Imibutho enikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo, ezifana neevenkile ze-intanethi, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo ukusebenzisa iMPA njengoko iququzelela uqhagamshelwano koovimba bolwazi abahlukeneyo.
Usetyenziso olunaphepha-linye lwahlukile kusetyenziso lwamaphepha amaninzi ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
- Inkqubo yophuhliso: Xa usenza iiMPAs, awudingi ubuchule beJavaScript, ngokungafaniyo nee-SPA. Nangona kunjalo, ukudityaniswa kweziphelo zangaphambili kunye neziphelo zangasemva kwiiMPA kuthetha ukuba ezi ziza zifuna amaxesha amade kakhulu okwakha kunee-SPA.
- Isantya: IiMPA zibaleka kancinci, zifuna ukuba iphepha ngalinye elitsha lilayishwe ukusuka ekuqaleni. Nangona kunjalo, ii-SPAs zilayisha ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhuphela kokuqala njengoko zigcina idatha ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva.
- UPhendlo lweNjini yoKhangelo: Ii-injini zokukhangela zinokubonisa ngokulula iiwebhusayithi ngeMPA. IiMPA zinamaphepha amaninzi arhubuluzwa ziinjini zokukhangela ukuvelisa umgangatho ongcono we-SEO. Umxholo wephepha ngalinye umile, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifikeleleke ngakumbi. Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-SPA zinephepha eline-URL eyodwa eyodwa (Uniform Resource Locator). Bakwasebenzisa iJavaScript, engafakwanga ngokufanelekileyo ziinjini ezininzi zokukhangela. Oku kwenza ukuba i-SEO rankings kwii-SPA ibe ngumngeni ngakumbi.
- yokhuseleko: Kwi-MPA, kufuneka ukhusele iphepha ngalinye le-intanethi ngabanye. Nangona kunjalo, ii-SPA zithandwa kakhulu kuhlaselo lwe-hacker. Kodwa ngendlela efanelekileyo, amaqela ophuhliso anokuphucula ukhuseleko lwesicelo.
Njengoko amashishini amaninzi efudukela ukusebenzisa ii-SPAs, abakhasi kunye neenjini zokukhangela ziya kuguqukela ekubeni zibonise ngcono. Ngenxa yesantya sayo, ngumbuzo kuphela wokuba ii-SPA ziya kuba lukhetho lokuya kuphuhliso lwesicelo sewebhu. Ke izinto eziluncedo zeMPA ngaphezulu kwe-SPA ziyakuqala ukuphela.
Kusetyenziswa nini izicelo zephepha elinye?
Kukho iimeko ezintlanu apho izicelo ezinjalo zibaluleke kakhulu:
- Abasebenzisi abafuna ukuphuhlisa iwebhusayithi eneqonga eliguqukayo kunye nomthamo wedatha ephantsi bangasebenzisa ii-SPA.
- Abasebenzisi abaceba ukwakha isicelo esiphathwayo kwiwebhusayithi yabo banokuqwalasela ukusebenzisa i-SPA. Bangasebenzisa i-backend API (i-Application Programming Interface) yesayithi kunye nesicelo seselula.
- I-architecture ye-SPA ifanelekile ukwakha amanethiwekhi oluntu afana ne-Facebook, iiplatifomu ze-SaaS kunye noluntu oluvaliweyo njengoko lufuna i-SEO encinci.
- Abasebenzisi abafuna ukunika abathengi babo intsebenziswano engenamthungo nabo kufuneka basebenzise ii-SPAs. Abathengi banokufikelela kuhlaziyo oluphilayo lwedatha yokusasaza bukhoma kunye neegrafu.
- Abasebenzisi abafuna ukuhambisa amava omsebenzisi angaguqukiyo, emveli, kunye naguquguqukayo kuzo zonke izixhobo, iinkqubo zokusebenza, kunye nezikhangeli.
Iqela elilungileyo kufuneka libe nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, izixhobo kunye nexesha lokudala umgangatho ophezulu wesicelo sephepha elilodwa. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa i-SPA ethembekileyo nesebenzayo engafumani xesha lokuphumla elinento yokwenza netrafikhi.
Uyilo lwesicelo sephepha elinye
Iiapps zephepha elinye zisebenzisana neendwendwe ngokulayisha nokusebenza kwiphepha langoku, ukuphelisa isidingo sokulayisha amaphepha ewebhu amaninzi kumncedisi.
Iiwebhusayithi ezine-SPA zinekhonkco enye ye-URL. Umxholo ukhutshelwe kwaye amacandelo athile ojongano lomsebenzisi (UI) ayahlaziywa xa ucofa. Amava omsebenzisi aphuculwe njengoko umsebenzisi angasebenzisana nephepha langoku njengoko umxholo omtsha uthathwa kumncedisi. Xa uhlaziyo lusenzeka, iinxalenye zephepha langoku zihlaziywa ngomxholo omtsha.
Isicelo sokuqala somthengi kwi-SPA silayisha isicelo kunye nazo zonke ii-asethi zayo ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neHTML, CSS kunye neJavaScript. Ifayile yokulayisha yokuqala inokubaluleka kwizicelo ezinzima kwaye ibangele ixesha lokulayisha elicothayo. I-application programming interface (API) ilanda idatha entsha njengoko umsebenzisi ezulazula kwi-SPA. umncedisi uphendula kuphela ngedatha kwifomati ye-JSON (i-JavaScript Object Notation). Emva kokufumana le datha, isikhangeli sihlaziya umbono wesicelo esibonwa ngumsebenzisi ngaphandle kokulayisha kwakhona iphepha.
Ulwakhiwo lwesicelo esinephepha elinye lubandakanya i-server-side kunye ne-client-side enikezela ngetekhnoloji. Isiza siboniswa kwaye sinikezelwe kumsebenzisi ngokuBonelwa kweSide soMthengi (CSR), ukunikezelwa kweSide seServer (SSR), okanye iStatic Site Generator (SSG).
- Unikezelo ngecala lomThengi (CSR)
Ngonikezelo lwecala lomxhasi, isikhangeli senza isicelo kumncedisi sefayile yeHTML kwaye sifumana ifayile esisiseko yeHTML enezikripthi ezincanyathiselwe kunye nezimbo. Ngelixa usebenzisa iJavaScript, umsebenzisi ubona iphepha elingenanto okanye umfanekiso womlayishi. I-SPA ithatha idatha, ivelise imiboniso, kwaye ikhuphe idatha kwi-Document Object Model (DOM). I-SPA ke ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa. I-CSR idla ngokuba yeyona inde kwezintathu ezizezinye kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inokusoyisa isikhangeli ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo zesixhobo xa ujonga umxholo. Ukongezelela, i-CSR iyindlela efanelekileyo kwiiwebhusayithi ze-traffic eziphezulu njengoko inikezela ngolwazi kubathengi ngaphandle konxibelelwano olugqithisiweyo lweseva, okukhokelela kumava omsebenzisi ngokukhawuleza.
- Unikezelo lwecala lomncedisi (SSR)
Ngexesha lonikezelo lwecala lomncedisi, abakhangeli bacela ifayile yeHTML kumncedisi, elanda idatha eceliweyo, inikezela nge-SPA, kwaye yenze ifayile yeHTML yesicelo ekuhambeni. Izinto ezifikelelekayo zinikezelwa kumsebenzisi. Uyilo lwe-SPA luyafuneka ukuncamathisela imicimbi, ukuvelisa i-DOM ebonakalayo kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo. I-SPA ke ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa. I-SSR yenza inkqubo ikhawuleze njengoko idibanisa isantya se-SPA kunye nokungalayishi kakhulu isikhangeli somsebenzisi.
- Umvelisi wesiza esimileyo (SSG)
Ngaphakathi komakhi wesiza esingatshintshiyo, abakhangeli ngokukhawuleza benza isicelo kwiseva yefayile yeHTML. Iphepha liboniswa kumsebenzisi. I-SPA ilanda idatha, ivelise iimbono, kwaye izalise imodeli yento yoxwebhu (DOM). Emva koko, i-SPA ilungele ukusetyenziswa. Ukusukela kwigama, ii-SSG zifaneleka kakhulu kumaphepha amileyo. Banikezela ngamaphepha angatshintshiyo anenketho elungileyo kwaye ekhawulezayo. Kwiiwebhusayithi ezinomxholo oguqukayo, abasebenzisi bayacetyiswa ukuba bakhethe enye yeendlela ezimbini zokunikezela ngolwazi.
Izinto ezilungileyo zezicelo zephepha elinye
Iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana neMeta, iYouTube kunye neNetflix ziye zasuka kwizicelo zamaphepha amaninzi ukuya kwizicelo zephepha elinye. Ii-SPA zibonelela ngamava omsebenzisi alula, ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuphendula. Ngezantsi zizibonelelo zokusebenzisa izicelo zephepha elinye.
- I-Caching feature
Isicelo sephepha elinye senza isicelo esinye kumncedisi ekukhupheni kokuqala kwaye sigcina nayiphi na idatha eyifumanayo. Abathengi banokusebenzisa idatha efunyenweyo ukuze basebenze ngaphandle kweintanethi ukuba ifuneka nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubasebenzisi njengoko ibavumela ukuba basebenzise izibonelelo zedatha ezincinci. Kwakhona, xa umxhasi enoqhagamshelo olubi lwe-Intanethi, idatha yendawo inokudityaniswa nomncedisi ukuba uxhulumaniso lwe-LAN luyakuvumela.
- Ukukhawuleza kunye nokuphendula
Ukusebenzisa ii-SPA kunokuphucula isantya sewebhusayithi njengoko sihlaziya kuphela umxholo oceliwe endaweni yokuhlaziya lonke iphepha. Ii-SPA zilayisha ifayile ye-JSON encinci kunephepha elitsha. Ifayile ye-JSON iqinisekisa isantya sokulayisha ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ikhokelela ekufikeleleni ngoko nangoko kuzo zonke iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi yephepha ngaphandle kokulibaziseka. Oku kukudibanisa okukhulu, njengoko ixesha lomthwalo wewebhusayithi linokuchaphazela kakhulu ingeniso kunye neentengiso.
Ii-SPA zivumela utshintsho olugudileyo ngokubonelela lonke ulwazi olukwiphepha ngoko nangoko. Iwebhusayithi ayifuni ukuhlaziywa, ngoko ke iinkqubo zayo zisebenza kakuhle kunee-apps eziqhelekileyo ze-intanethi.
Kwakhona, ngee-SPA, ii-asethi ezifana ne-HTML, i-CSS, kunye nezikripthi Java ziya kulandwa kube kanye kuphela ebomini besicelo. Kuphela idatha efunekayo itshintshiselwa emva naphambili.
Amaphepha ane-SPA akwavumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahambe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa ye-caching kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wedatha. Kuphela idatha efunekayo ithunyelwa ngasemva naphambili kwaye kuphela iindawo ezingekhoyo zomxholo ohlaziyiweyo zikhutshelwa.
- Ukulungisa ingxaki ngeChrome
Ulungiso lweempazamo lubhaqa kwaye lususe iimpazamo, iimpazamo, kunye nobuthathaka bokhuseleko lwesicelo sewebhu esicothisa ukusebenza. Ukulungiswa kwee-SPAs kwenziwa lula ngezixhobo zomphuhlisi weChrome. Abaphuhlisi banokulawula unikezelo lwekhowudi ye-JS ukusuka kwisikhangeli, debug SPAs ngaphandle kokuhluza imigca emininzi yekhowudi.
Ii-SPA zakhelwe phezulu kwezakhelo zeJavaScript ezifana ne-AngularJS kunye nezixhobo zomphuhlisi we-React, ezenza kube lula ukulungisa ingxaki usebenzisa izikhangeli zeChrome.
Izixhobo zonjiniyela zivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba baqonde indlela isikhangeli siya kucela ngayo idatha kwiiseva, i-cache, kunye nendlela eya kubonisa ngayo izinto zephepha. Ukongeza, ezi zixhobo zivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba babeke iliso kwaye bahlalutye izinto zekhasi, imisebenzi yenethiwekhi, kunye nedatha ehambelanayo.
- Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo
Ngethuba lenkqubo yophuhliso, i-front-end kunye ne-back-end ye-SPA inokwahlulwa, ivumela abaphuhlisi ababini okanye ngaphezulu ukuba basebenze ngokufanayo. Ukutshintsha i-frontend okanye i-backend ayichaphazeli enye isiphelo, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo.
Abaphuhlisi banokuphinda basebenzise ikhowudi yecala leseva kwaye bahlule ii-SPA kwi-UI yangaphambili. I-architecture edibeneyo kwii-SPAs yahlula imiboniso yangaphambili kunye neenkonzo zangasemva. Oku kuvumela abaphuhlisi ukuba batshintshe iimbono, ukwakha kunye nokulinga ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umxholo okanye ukuxhalaba malunga nobuchwepheshe bokugqibela. Abathengi banokuba namava ahambelanayo ngokusebenzisa ezi zicelo.
- Amava omsebenzisi aphuculweyo
Ngee-SPAs, abasebenzisi bafumana ukufikelela kumaphepha ajongwe ngoko nangoko nawo wonke umxholo ngaxeshanye. Oku kulula ngakumbi njengoko abasebenzisi banokuskrola ngokukhululeka nangokungenamthungo. Kuvakala ngathi usebenzisa i-desktop yendalo okanye i-app yeselula.
Ii-SPAs zibonelela nge-UX entle enesiqalo esahlukileyo, esiphakathi, kunye nesiphelo. Kwakhona, abasebenzisi banokufikelela kumxholo ofunekayo ngaphandle kokucofa amakhonkco amaninzi, njengakwiiMPAs. Ufumana amaxabiso asezantsi okubhobhoza xa abasebenzisi befumana ukufikelela ngoko nangoko kulwazi, ngokungafaniyo neeMPA apho abasebenzisi bekhungatheka njengoko amaphepha ethatha ixesha elininzi lokulayisha. Ukukhangela kwakhona kukhawuleza kuba izinto zephepha ziphinda zisetyenziswe.
- Ukuguqulwa kwi-IOS kunye nezicelo ze-Android
Abaphuhlisi abajonge ukuguqukela kwi-iOS kunye nezicelo ze-Android kufuneka basebenzise ii-SPA njengoko kulula ukuziguqula. Bangasebenzisa ikhowudi efanayo ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-SPA ukuya kwizicelo zeselula. Ngenxa yokuba yonke ikhowudi ibonelelwe kumzekelo omnye, ii-SPA zilula ukuhamba, zizenza zilungele usetyenziso lweselula.
- Ukuhambelana kweqonga lomnqamlezo
Abaphuhlisi banokusebenzisa isiseko sekhowudi enye ukwakha izicelo ezinokusebenza kuso nasiphi na isixhobo, isikhangeli, kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Oku kwandisa amava omthengi njengoko banokusebenzisa i-SPA naphi na. Kwakhona kwenza abaphuhlisi kunye neenjineli ze-DevOps ukuba bakhe izixhobo ezizityebi, kubandakanywa uhlalutyo lwexesha langempela, ngelixa uphuhlisa izicelo zokuhlela umxholo.
Ukuhla
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke iingenelo zezicelo zephepha elinye, ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo zivela xa usebenzisa izikhokelo ze-SPA. Ngethamsanqa, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukoyisa le miba ngee-SPAs. Ngezantsi kukho ezinye izinto ezisezantsi;
- UPhendlo lweNjini yoPhendlo (SEO)
Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba usetyenziso lwephepha elinye alulunganga kakuhle kwi-SEO. Uninzi lweenjini zokukhangela, ezifana neGoogle okanye Yahoo, azikwazanga ukukhasa iiwebhusayithi ze-SPA ezisekwe kunxibelelwano lweAjax kunye neeseva kangangexesha elithile. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezi ndawo ze-SPA zahlala zingachazwanga. Okwangoku, i-Google bots ifundiswe indlela yokusebenzisa iJavaScript endaweni ye-HTML eqhelekileyo kwi-index yewebhusayithi ye-SPA, elimaza i-rankings.
Ukuzama ukulungelelanisa i-SEO kwindawo esele yenziwe i-SPA inzima kwaye iyabiza. Abaphuhlisi kufuneka bakhe iwebhusayithi eyahlukileyo, enikezelwa ngumncedisi we-injini yokukhangela, engasebenzi kakuhle kwaye ibandakanya ikhowudi eninzi eyongezelelweyo. Ezinye iindlela zobuchule ezinjengokubona inkalo kunye nonikezelo lwangaphambili nazo zinokusetyenziswa. Kwizibonelelo ze-SPA, i-URL enye yephepha ngalinye ikhawulela amandla e-SEO kwii-SPAs.
- Ukukhangela ngasemva naphambili iqhosha
Abakhangeli bagcina ulwazi ukunceda amaphepha ewebhu alayishe ngokukhawuleza. Xa abathengi bebetha iqhosha elingasemva, abaninzi balindele ukuba iphepha libe kwimeko efana nexesha lokugqibela abalijonga ngayo, kwaye utshintsho luya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Uyilo lwewebhu lwemveli luvumela oku ngokusebenzisa iikopi ezigciniweyo zesayithi kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuphunyezo olungenangqondo lwe-SPA, ukucofa iqhosha elingasemva kunesiphumo esifanayo nokucofa ikhonkco. Ibangela isicelo somncedisi, ukunyuka kwe-lag, kunye notshintsho olubonakalayo lwedatha.
Ukuhlangabezana nokulindelwe ngabasebenzisi kunye nokuhambisa amava akhawulezayo, abaphuhlisi be-SPA kufuneka balinganise ukusebenza kwezikhangeli zemveli zisebenzisa iJavaScript.
- Skrola indawo
Abakhangeli bagcina ulwazi olunjengendawo yokuskrola yokugqibela yamaphepha andwendwelwe. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzisi banokufumanisa ukuba iindawo zokuskrola zitshintshile xa uhamba nge-SPAs usebenzisa umva kunye namaqhosha angaphambili esiphequluli. Umzekelo, kuFacebook, ngamanye amaxesha abasebenzisi baskrola babuyele kwiindawo zabo zokugqibela zokuskrola, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abakwenzi. Oku kubangela amava omsebenzisi asezantsi njengoko kufuneka baqale ngesandla ukuskrola babuyele kwindawo yangaphambili yokuskrola.
Ukujongana nalo mba, abaphuhlisi kufuneka banikeze ikhowudi egcina, efumanayo, kunye nesikhokelo sendawo echanekileyo yokuskrola njengoko umsebenzisi ebheka ngapha nangapha.
- Uhlalutyo lwewebhusayithi
Ngokungongeza ikhowudi ye-analytics kwiphepha, abasebenzisi banokulandela i-traffic kwiphepha. Nangona kunjalo, ii-SPA zenza kube nzima ukumisela ukuba ngawaphi amaphepha okanye umxholo odume kakhulu, kuba liphepha elinye kuphela. Kufuneka unikeze ikhowudi eyongezelelweyo kwi-analytics ukulandelela amaphepha e-pseudo njengoko ejongwa.
- Imiba yokhuseleko
Ii-SPA zithande ukuba sengozini ngokusebenzisa indawo enqamlezileyo yokubhala. Bavumela abathengi ukuba bakhuphele sonke isicelo, bebabeka kumathuba amaninzi okufumana ubuthathaka ngobunjineli obubuyela umva. Ukujongana nalo mba, abaphuhlisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba yonke ingqiqo yecala lomxhasi enxulumene nokhuseleko lwesicelo sewebhu, njengokuqinisekiswa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwegalelo, liphindwe kabini kumncedisi wokuqinisekisa. Kwakhona, abaphuhlisi kufuneka babonelele ngofikelelo olusekelwe kwindima elinganiselweyo.
Isiphelo
I-Single Page Apps ziphawula inyathelo elilandelayo kuphuhliso lwamava e-app. Ziyakhawuleza, zinomdla ngakumbi kwaye zinokudityaniswa neempawu eziphambili ezifana nokwenza ngokwezifiso. Yiyo loo nto iinkampani ezingcono kakhulu ezinabasebenzisi abaninzi ngaxeshanye, abanje ngeGmail, iNetflix okanye iindaba zikaFacebook, zixhomekeke kuyilo lwephepha elinye. Ngokuphumeza le teknoloji, amashishini anokufumana ixabiso elingakumbi kwiipropati zabo ze-intanethi kwaye enze iindlela ezintsha njengeshishini ledijithali.
Ercole Palmeri
