Luyini uhlaka ku-Software Engineering, defiincazelo kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlaka

Ngokuthuthukisa isofthiwe, ikhodi yohlelo lokukhiqiza izinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela besofthiwe, asikho isidingo sokuqala kusukela ekuqaleni njalo uma uqala iphrojekthi entsha.

Kukhona amasistimu namathuluzi aklanyelwe ukusiza umhleli ukuthi aqale izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha futhi azigcine zisezingeni eliphezulu. Izinhlaka ziyi-software eyakhiwe futhi isetshenziswa abathuthukisi ukuze bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Luyini uhlaka?

Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlaka zivame ukwakhiwa, zihlolwe, futhi zenziwe ngcono ngonjiniyela besofthiwe abanolwazi nabahleli bohlelo, izinhlaka zesofthiwe ziyahlukahluka, ziqinile, futhi ziyasebenza.

Ukusebenzisa uhlaka lwesoftware ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kukuvumela ukuthi ugxile ekusebenzeni kwezinga eliphezulu kohlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi noma yikuphi ukusebenza kwezinga eliphansi kusingathwa uhlaka ngokwalo.

Kungani sisebenzisa izinhlaka?

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Kudinga uchungechunge lwemisebenzi ngezinye izikhathi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eshiwoyo: imibono, ukuqoqwa kwezidingo, ukuhlaziya, ukuhlela, ukubhala amakhodi, ukuklama nokuhlola. Engxenyeni yokubhala ikhodi kuphela, abahleli bezinhlelo bekufanele babhekane ne-syntax, izimemezelo, imiyalelo, okuhlukile, nokuningi.

Izinhlaka zesofthiwe zenza ukuphila kube lula kubathuthukisi ngokubavumela ukuthi balawule yonke inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, noma ingxenye enkulu yayo, besuka endaweni eyodwa.

Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa uhlaka lwesoftware:

• Isiza ukusungula izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokuhlela nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwezifanekiso zedizayini
• Ikhodi eyakhiwe ngokusetshenziswa kohlaka ivikeleke kakhulu
• Amakhodi ayimpinda futhi angasasebenzi angagwenywa
• Isiza ukuthuthukisa ikhodi engaguquki eneziphazamisi ezimbalwa
• Yenza umsebenzi ube lula ngobuchwepheshe obuyindida
• Ungazakhela olwakho uhlaka lwesofthiwe noma ufake isandla kuzinhlaka zomthombo ovulekile. Ngakho, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni
• Izingxenye ezimbalwa zekhodi nokusebenza kwakhiwe kusengaphambili futhi kuhlolwe ngaphambilini. Lokhu kwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zithembeke kakhulu
• Ukuhlola nokulungisa amaphutha ikhodi yakho kulula kakhulu futhi kungenziwa ngisho nabathuthukisi abangebona abanikazi bekhodi
• Isikhathi esisithathayo ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza sincishiswe kakhulu

I-Framework yenziwe ngani?

Uma ufaka uhlaka lwesofthiwe, into yokuqala okudingeka uyinakekele yizidingo zesistimu. Uma isifakiwe futhi isilungisiwe, uhlaka lwakha uhlaka lwemibhalo.

Isibonelo, isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa isakhiwo senkomba ye-Laravel Framework. Ifolda ngayinye kulawa ingaba nemibhalo eyengeziwe. Izikhombisi zingaqukatha amafayela, amakilasi, izindlela zokuhlola, izifanekiso, nokuningi.

Umehluko phakathi komtapo wolwazi nohlaka

Abanye bangase bacabange ukuthi uhlaka lwesofthiwe luyiqoqo lemitapo yolwazi njengoba nje imitapo yolwazi iyiqoqo lezinqubo ezihlanganiswe ngaphambili. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulona iqiniso njengoba kungezona zonke izinhlaka zesofthiwe ezisebenzisayo noma ezincike emitatsheni yolwazi.

Umehluko phakathi komtapo wolwazi kanye nohlaka ukuthi le yakamuva ibiza ikhodi. Ngokuphambene, ikhodi ibiza umtapo wolwazi wesofthiwe. Ake sibone isibonelo:

I-curl ingumtapo wezincwadi we-PHP. Uma usebenzisa omunye wemisebenzi ye-curl, ikhodi ye-PHP ibiza lowo msebenzi othile kumtapo wezincwadi we-curl. Ikhodi yakho iyona ofonayo futhi ikhodi yelabhulali iyona ofonayo.

Uma usebenzisa uhlaka PHP, woza I-Laravel, ubudlelwano buyahlehliswa bese uhlaka lwesofthiwe lubiza ikhodi yohlelo lokusebenza ebhalwe kuhlaka. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokobuchwepheshe ngokuthi I-Inversion of Control (IoC).

Ulimi lokuhlela ngokumelene nohlaka

Ulimi lokuhlela lutshela ikhompuyutha ukuthi yenzeni. Ulimi ngalunye lokuhlela lune-syntax ethile nesethi yemithetho, okumele ilandelwe njalo uma ubhala ikhodi yakho.

Uhlaka lwesofthiwe lwakhiwe ngolimi lokuhlela. Ngokwesibonelo,

Imisindo, obeye aziwe njengo I-Ruby ku-Rails, wuhlaka lwewebhu olususelwe olimini lokuhlela Ruby.

Django e I-Flask ziyizinhlaka zewebhu ezimbili ezihlukene ezisuselwe olimini lokuhlela Python. Ngakho-ke, zaziwa nangokuthi izinhlaka Python. Yenza e I-Angular ziyizinhlaka zewebhu eziphambili ezisuselwe olimini lokuhlela i-JavaScript.

Izinhlobo Zohlaka

Umenzi wohlelo kufanele abheke izinhlaka ezihambisana nezidingo zakhe. Noma ngabe isebenza kuwebhusayithi, yenze data science, ukuphathwa kwe database noma izicelo ze mobile, kunezinhlaka zesofthiwe zazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwesofthiwe.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlaka zesofthiwe zokwenza lula ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza kusizinda esibanzi sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ake sibheke ngezansi ezinye zezinhlaka zesoftware ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:

Uhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu

1. Ngiinyoka

I-Angular kusekelwe umbhalo, uhlaka Isikripthi seJava umthombo ovulekile okwenza kube lula ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza kuwebhu I-Angular isekela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza ngokuhlanganisa amamodeli amemezelayo, umjovo wokuncika, amathuluzi okuphela konyaka, nokuningi.

I-Angular ivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlala kuzo kuwebhu, amadivaysi eselula e ideskithophu.

Uhlaka lweJavaScript oludumile lusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezibhekene nomphakathi namasayithi afana nala I-Google Cloud Platform e I-AdWords, kanye nakumathuluzi amaningi e-Google angaphakathi.

Amanye amawebhusayithi adumile athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa AngularJS zingabantu:

• Netflix
• PayPal
• Kuyaqhubeka
• Youtube
• Django

2. Django

Django iwuhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu lomthombo ovulekile nolubhalwe kulo Python. Idalwe ithimba lonjiniyela abanolwazi, Django isebenzisana nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu ukuze abathuthukisi bakwazi ukugxila ekubhaleni izinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuqamba kabusha izinto asebezazi.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zisebenzisa ngenkuthalo Django ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Amanye amawebhusayithi adumile athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa Django zingabantu:

• Disqu
• Instagram
• I-Mozilla
• Pinterest

3. ILaravel

I-Laravel wuhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu olusekelwe PHP nge-syntax ecacile nenhle. Uhlaka luyi evulekile-umthombo, futhi ilandela iphethini yomklamo wesilawuli esiqinile nesiqondakala kalula.

Secondo izitayela Google, I-Laravel kuthathwa njengohlaka PHP enamandla kakhulu, enikeza inkundla emisiwe, enothile ngesici sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ze-PHP ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.

Amanye amawebhusayithi adumile akhiwe kusetshenziswa i-Laravel yilawa:

• I-Alison.com
• Barchart.com
• Umbolekisi Wamakhelwane
• Ukuhamba Komhlaba

Uhlaka lwe Data Science

1. I-Apache Spark

I-Apache Spark iyinjini yokuhlaziya ehlanganisiwe yokucubungula idatha ngezinga elikhulu. Ungabhala ngokushesha izinhlelo zokusebenza ku Java, Scala, Python, R e SQL usebenzisa I-Apache Spark.

Izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-3.000 zisebenzisa i-Apache Spark, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ezinkulu ezifana nalezi:

• Amazon
• Cisco
• izitini idatha
• Hortonworks
• Microsoft
• Oracle
• Verizon
• show

2. I-PyTorch

I-PyTorch luhlaka umthombo ovulekile di ukufunda okuzenzakalelayo okusheshisa inqubo kusukela ocwaningweni nasekufanekiseni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokukhiqiza.

Ithuthukiswe kakhulu yiqembu locwaningo lobuhlakani bokwenziwa le Facebook, I-PyTorch ingasetshenziswa ne Python e C ++. I-PyTorch isetshenziselwa Umbono wekhompyutha e Ukusetjenziswa koLimi kweNdalo (NLP). Amanye amawebhusayithi adumile athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa i-PyTorch yilawa:

• I-Comcast
• Exelon
• I-Trifo
• I-Quadient

3. I-TensorFlow

I-TensorFlow luhlaka umthombo ovulekile Ukuphela kokuphela Okweukufunda okuzenzakalelayo (Ukufunda ngomshini). Ine-ecosystem ebanzi futhi eguquguqukayo yamathuluzi, imitapo yolwazi kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi ezivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bazicwilise ku Ukufunda komshini kanye nonjiniyela ukuthi bakhe ngokushesha futhi basebenzise ML.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintathu ezijwayelekile ze I-TensorFlow ukulala

• I-Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) ukuqashelwa kwesithombe nokucubungula.
• Amamodeli anemigqa emikhulu ukuhlaziya idatha kanye nezibikezelo zokuziphatha ezilula.
• Amamodeli Okulandelana-kuya-Ukulandelana (Seq2Seq) ngezici ezihlobene nolimi lwabantu.

Uhlaka lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula

1.Ionic

I-Ionic kungukuthi i-toolkit yomthombo ovulekile wokuxhumana womsebenzisi weselula wokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zekhwalithi ephezulu ze-Android, iOS kanye newebhu, konke kusuka kusisekelo sekhodi eyodwa.

I-Ionic iyinkundla yohlelo lokusebenza yokuthuthukisa umjikelezo wempilo eyenza amaqembu akhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingcono, ezisheshayo. Ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidumile ezakhiwe kusetshenziswa i-Ionic yilezi:

• I-MarketWatch
• McDonald's Turkey
• Pacifica

2. I-Xamarin

I-Xamarin iyinkundla yokuthuthukisa yomthombo ovulekile yamahhala yokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ku Android, iOS ngokusekelwe ku .NET e C#. Uhlaka I-Xamarin iyingxenye yesikhulumi .NET onomphakathi osebenzayo wabathuthukisi abangaphezu kuka-60.000 abavela ezinkampanini ezingaphezu kuka-3.700.

Ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidumile ezenziwe kusetshenziswa I-Xamarin zingabantu:

• Isicelo samakhasimende e-Alaska Airlines
• I-CA Mobile yamasevisi ebhange eselula
• I-Novarum DX, uhlelo lokusebenza lwezokwelapha

3. I-Flutter

I-Flutter iyikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI ye-Google yokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle, ezihlanganiswe ngokomdabu zamadivayisi eselula, kuwebhu kanye namadeskithophu asuka kusisekelo sekhodi eyodwa. Ine-interface yomsebenzisi ecacile futhi eguquguqukayo futhi inikeza ukusebenza komdabu kuwo wonke amapulatifomu iOS e Android.

Ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidumile ezenziwe kusetshenziswa I-Flutter zingabantu:

• I-Alibaba (i-e-commerce)
• Isikhombi
• Izikhangiso ze-Google (usizo)

Odinga ukukwazi ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ngezinhlaka zesoftware

Kungumqondo omuhle ukufunda nokuthuthukisa amakhono okubhala amakhodi ngokufunda ama-nuances olimi lokuhlela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinhlaka zokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Uma kungenjalo, ungase uphuthelwe ulwazi olubalulekile ngobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obukhona kuhlaka.

Uma ungeyena kakade umhleli onolwazi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ikhodi enika uhlaka amandla. Lolu lwazi luzokwenza kube lula uma uhlangabezana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi lukwenze unjiniyela onolwazi jikelele.

Onjiniyela abaningi abaphambili banikela kuzinhlaka zomthombo ovulekile ukuze basekele wonke umphakathi wonjiniyela. Isibonelo, abathuthukisi be -Google dala AngularJS e polymer, zombili ezitholakala mahhala kubo bonke onjiniyela abaphambili.

Onjiniyela abaningi basekela umphakathi osekugcineni ngokufaka isandla nakumalabhulali omthombo ovulekile.

Ephetha

Ithiphu eyisisekelo yabahleli abafuna ukusebenzisa izinhlaka zesofthiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokusebenza ukufunda uhlaka olusha noma ulimi lokuhlela ngokwezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezizothuthukiswa.

Ukwengeza, hlaziya izindawo ezifana ne-front-end, back-end, ukuphathwa kwamafu nobuchwepheshe beselula, isabelo semakethe esingaba khona sobuchwepheshe, ukusimama, nokunye okwengeziwe, futhi uqonde izici zobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo sokububhalisa.

Ercole Palmeri: I-Innovation iyalutha