Asingomsebenzi olula ukuphuhlisa a BEV leyo, njengezithuthi zangoku ze-ICE, zinokugaywa ngemizuzu emithathu, inoluhlu lwe-1.000 km kwitanki yamafutha egcweleyo, ixhamla kwiziseko zoncedo ezaneleyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokulula ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-10. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kweebhetri zelizwe lonke kunokuphazamisa imeko yangoku kwaye kukhawulezise kakhulu ukwamkelwa kwemarike. BEV.
Xa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwii-smartphones kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane ezincinci, zisetyenziselwa usetyenziso lweemoto, zibeka iimfuno eziphezulu kakhulu kukhuseleko kunye nobomi bebhetri.
Ngexesha elifanayo, kukho ukurhweba phakathi kokuphuculwa koluhlu, olufuna ngokuyimfuneko ukwanda kwamandla ombane, kunye nokhuseleko / ukuqina. Olu rhwebo luyisizathu esona sizathu sokuba ukusebenza kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion zangoku kubonwa njengesithintelo esingenakukwazi ukunyanzeliswa ekunyusweni kwemarike yezithuthi zombane.
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zinamandla okuzoyisa ezi ngxaki. Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zinembali ende. Ii-electrolyte eziqinileyo zaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yee-70, kodwa ukuhanjiswa kwe-ionic okungonelanga kuthintele ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, i-electrolyte eqinileyo ene-ionic conductivity efanayo okanye ephezulu kwi-electrolyte engamanzi sele ifunyenwe, ikhawulezisa iinzame zophando kunye nophuhliso.
Abavelisi beemoto
Kwi-2017 Tokyo Motor Show, iToyota ibhengeze injongo yokuthengisa BEV imeko eqinileyo ngokupheleleyo kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-20s. Nangona isizukulwana sokuqala se BEV eya kusebenzisa iibhetri zelizwe lonke ekulindeleke ukuba ziphehlelelwe yiToyota ziya kuba nomthamo oqingqiweyo wemveliso, isibhengezo senkampani ngokungathandabuzekiyo siya kukhuthaza iinzame ezinkulu zeenkampani ezininzi, abaphandi kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente kuphuhliso lwazo zonke iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo .
IVolkswagen, iHyundai Motor kunye neNissan Motor zonke zibhengeze utyalo-mali kwiinkampani eziqalayo, ke sikholelwa ukuba esi sisihloko esinokuthi sixhamle kuqwalaselo olwandisiweyo.
Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zangoku ziquka i-cathode, isisombululo se-electrolyte, isahluli kunye ne-anode. Umahluko kwibhetri yesimo esiqinileyo kukuba i-electrolyte iqinile. Enyanisweni, onke amacandelo kunye nezixhobo ziqinile, ngoko ke "imeko eqinile" isigama.
Iimpawu zeebhetri zelizwe eliqinileyo zixhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa uphando ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lubonisa amandla acacileyo malunga nokhuseleko, ukuchasana nokuvuza, ukuchasana nokutshisa (isakhiwo esilula sokupholisa), i-miniaturization, ukuguquguquka koyilo malunga nokwakheka koqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo. Umaleko weseli, ubomi bomjikelo wokukhutshelwa ixesha elide, akukho kuthotywa ngenxa yeempawu ezintle zobushushu obuphezulu/ obuphantsi, amaxesha amafutshane entlawulo, ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye noxinano lwamandla aphezulu.
Ngaphambili, ukuxinana kwamandla aphantsi kuye kwabonwa njengobuthathaka beebhetri zombuso oqinileyo, kodwa iTokyo Institute of Technology kunye neqela lophando likaToyota baye baphuhlisa ngokudibeneyo ibhetri yelizwe elomeleleyo eliphindwe kathathu uxinano lwamandla kunye nokuphindaphindeka kwamandla akhoyo. iibhetri ze-lithium-ion. Sikholelwa ukuba zonke iibhetri ze-slid-state zinamandla okunqoba ukungahambi kakuhle kwezithuthi zombane.
Ezona mpembelelo zinkulu zeebhetri zelizwe eliqinileyo kwishishini leemoto ziquka isantya sokusasazeka kwemarike yeebhetri. BEV kunye notshintsho kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwebhetri BEV. Ntandathu BEV ezitshintshwe izithuthi ze-ICE, akuyi kubakho mfuneko yeenjini, ukuhanjiswa kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nazo, kodwa kuya kubakho imfuneko entsha yeebhetri, ii-inverters, ii-motor kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nezi nkqubo.
Kubahlanganisi beemoto eziqhelekileyo, abavelisa iinjini kunye ne-drivetrains ngaphakathi kwendlu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba banakho ukukwazi ukuphuhlisa iibhetri ezizinzile-zo zonke ngaphakathi kwindlu ngumthombo obalulekileyo wexabiso elongezelelweyo. Kubaboneleli, kuya kubaluleka ukuphonononga itekhnoloji yokuqala ukuphuhlisa amacandelo amatsha.
Ukuba kukho ukwanda kokwamkelwa kweemarike ze BEV, imithetho yenqanaba lesizwe elawula izinto ezinjengeerhafu, umgaqo-nkqubo wamandla kunye nezibonelelo nazo zinokutshintsha.
Ukutshintsha ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion zelizwe kuya kuthetha ukutshintshela kulwelo ukuya kwi-electrolyte eqinileyo kunye nokuncipha kwesidingo sabahluli, kwaye kuya kubakho amandla okusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ze-cathodes kunye ne-anode.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwiibhetri eziziimo zonke eziya kusungulwa yiToyota kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2020 kusenokwenzeka ukuba zifane nezo zisetyenziswayo ngoku, kwaye njengoko umthamo wemveliso uncitshiswa, impembelelo kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwangoku nayo inokubakho. encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sibona inkqubela phambili yezinto eziphathekayo kwiinzame ze-R & D, iibhetri ezizinzile zonke ezikhoyo kwisiqingatha sesibini se-2020 kunye ne-2030s kungenzeka ukuba ziphazamise.
Kukho intetho malunga nokuthambekela kwi-i BEV, kodwa imvumelwano yemarike yangoku kukuba ngoku sikwixesha "lokuhlukana kwe-powertrain" kunokuba kufike iminyaka yobudala. BEV njenge. Nangona kunjalo, sikholelwa ukuba ukuba iinzame zokuphuhlisa imveliso eninzi yeebhetri ezizinzile ziphumelele, ixesha BEV inokuba kufutshane.
Nakuba kunjalo, kwakuza kufuneka koyiswe iingxaki ezininzi. Uphando nophuhliso olujolise ekuveliseni ngobuninzi bazo zonke iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo lusandula ukuqalisa, kwaye ukuba iindleko zemveliso ziya kuhla kangakanani azikacaci. Ngokwethiyori, kufuneka kubekho ukuncitshiswa kweendleko okubonakalayo okunikwa ukwenziwa lula kweepakethi zebhetri kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ye-electrode enexabiso eliphantsi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba kukho inkqubela-phambili engaphezulu kunokulindeleke ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ezinkulu, ukutshintshela kwiibhetri ezizinzile zonke zinokulibaziseka.
Kukho kwakhona umngcipheko wokuba umdla kwi BEV ngokwabo zingaphela ngenxa yophuhliso kwizithuthi zombane hybrid (HEVs) kunye neenqwelo ICE eziqhelekileyo, ingxoxo malunga nemiba kakuhle-to-ivili, kunye nokuthandwa ngokutsha kwezithuthi diesel, nto leyo enokuthetha ukuba buthathaka iinzame zophuhliso kuzo zonke iibhetri imo eqinileyo.
Ukususela kumbono woluhlu kunye nexesha elifunekayo lokunyusa i-hydrogen, iinqwelo ze-fuel cell zingomnye umntu okhuphisana naye. Ngelixa imiba yeziseko ezingundoqo ingumba, kukho amandla amakhulu malunga nokutshintsha amafutha efosili kunye nokuthutha amandla.
I-KPMG's 2018 Global Automotive Executive Survey ibeka izithuthi zeeseli zamafutha njengezona ziphambili eziphambili ngo-2025 kunye BEV ibekwe kwindawo yesi-3 ngokwabaphathi beemoto zehlabathi. Kwi-2017, uphando olufanayo luguqule iitafile, kunye ne BEV kwindawo yokuqala kunye nezithuthi ze-fuel cell zikwindawo yesithathu.
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